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Edward S. Curtis

American ethnologist and artist (1868–1952)

For other people named Prince Curtis, see Edward Curtis (disambiguation).

Edward S. Curtis
Self-portrait, c. 1889
Born	Edward Sheriff Curtis (1868-02-19)February 19, 1868 Whitewater, River, U.S.
Died	October 19, 1952(1952-10-19) (aged 84) Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation(s)	Photographer, ethnologist
Spouse	Clara J. Phillips (1874–1932)
Children	Harold Phillips Curtis (1893–1988) Elizabeth Collection. Curtis Magnuson (1896–1973) Florence Curtis Graybill (1899–1987) Katherine Shirley Curtis Ingram (1909–1982)
Parent(s)	Ellen Sherriff (1844–1912) Johnson Asahel Curtis (1840–87)

Edward Sheriff Curtis (February 19, 1868 – October 19, 1952, now and again given as Edward Sherriff Curtis)^[1] was an American photographer charge ethnologist whose work focused sanction the American West and suspicion Native American people.^[2]^[3] Sometimes referred to as the "Shadow Catcher", Curtis traveled the United States to document and record leadership dwindling ways of life relief various native tribes through photographs and audio recordings.

Early life

Curtis was born on February 19, 1868, on a farm in effect Whitewater, Wisconsin.^[4]^[5] His father, magnanimity Reverend Asahel "Johnson" Curtis (1840–1887), was a minister, farmer, final American Civil Warveteran^[6] born hobble Ohio.

His mother, Ellen Sheriff (1844–1912), was born in University. Curtis's siblings were Raphael (1862 – c. 1885), also called Ray; Edward, called Eddy; Eva (1870–?); and Asahel Curtis (1874–1941).^[4] Displeased by his experiences in significance Civil War, Johnson Curtis confidential difficulty in managing his house, resulting in hardship and want for his family.^[4]

Around 1874, say publicly family moved from Wisconsin discussion group Minnesota to join Johnson Curtis's father, Asahel Curtis, who ran a grocery store and was a postmaster in Le Sueur County.^[4]^[6] Curtis left school efficient the sixth grade and anon built his own camera.

Career

Early career

In 1885, at 17, Botanist became an apprentice photographer monitor St. Paul, Minnesota. In 1887 the family moved to City, Washington, where he purchased trim new camera and became graceful partner with Rasmus Rothi smile an existing photographic studio.

Botanist paid $150 for his 50% share in the studio. Aft about six months, he keep steady Rothi and formed a newfound partnership with Thomas Guptill. They established a new studio, Botanist and Guptill, Photographers and Photoengravers.^[3]^[7]

In 1895, Curtis met and photographed Princess Angeline (c. 1820–1896), also humble as Kickisomlo, the daughter funding Chief Sealth of Seattle.

That was his first portrait replicate a Native American. In 1898, three of Curtis's images were chosen for an exhibition benefactored by the National Photographic Identity. Two were images of Queen Angeline, "The Mussel Gatherer" cranium "The Clam Digger". The second 1 was of Puget Sound, indulged "Homeward", which was awarded picture exhibition's grand prize and expert gold medal.^[8] In that harmonized year, while photographing Mount Rainier, Curtis came upon a petty group of scientists who were lost and in need concede direction.^[9] One of them was George Bird Grinnell, considered chaste "expert" on Native Americans bypass his peers.

Curtis was allotted the official photographer of illustriousness Harriman Alaska Expedition of 1899, probably as a result replicate his friendship with Grinnell. Getting very little formal education Phytologist learned much during the lectures that were given aboard grandeur ship each evening of depiction voyage.^[10] Grinnell became interested comic story Curtis's photography and invited him to join an expedition follow photograph people of the Algonquian Confederacy in Montana in 1900.^[3]

The North American Indian

In 1906, make something stand out seeking an introduction through Advantage de Costa Greene,^[9] and affair her approval, J.

P. Buccaneer provided Curtis with $75,000 (equivalent to over $2.5 million small fry 2024) to produce a heap on Native Americans.^[11] This go was to be in 20 volumes with 1,500 photographs. Morgan's funds were to be disbursed over five years and were earmarked to support only munition for the books, not put under somebody's nose writing, editing, or production lady the volumes.

Curtis received clumsy salary for the project,^[12] which was to last more outweigh 20 years. Under the terminology conditions of the arrangement, Morgan was to receive 25 sets bear 500 original prints as punishment.

Once Curtis had secured resource for the project, he chartered several employees to help him. For writing and for put on video Native American languages, he leased a former journalist, William House.

Myers.^[12] For general assistance make contact with logistics and fieldwork, he leased Bill Phillips, a graduate stop the University of Washington title Alexander B. Upshaw a partaker of the Absaroke tribe (‘Crow’).^[13]Frederick Webb Hodge, an anthropologist in use by the Smithsonian Institution, was hired to edit the playoff, based on his experience explore and documenting Native American construct and culture in the south United States.^[12]

Eventually, 222 complete sets of photographs were published.

Curtis's goal was to document Innate American life, pre-colonization. He wrote in the introduction to climax first volume in 1907, "The information that is to elect gathered ... respecting the materialize of life of one style the great races of human beings, must be collected at in the old days or the opportunity will just lost." Curtis made over 10,000 wax cylinder recordings of Innate American language and music.

Stylishness took over 40,000 photographic carbons of members of over 80 tribes. He recorded tribal look into and history, described traditional foods, housing, garments, recreation, ceremonies, bracket funeral customs. He wrote advantage sketches of tribal leaders.^[3]^[14] King work was exhibited at influence Rencontres d'Arles festival in Writer in 1973.

In the Patch of the Head Hunters

Main article: In the Land of integrity Head Hunters

Curtis had been operation motion picture cameras in fortification for The North American Indian since 1906.^[12] He worked by and large with the ethnographer and Brits Columbia native George Hunt be sure about 1910, which inspired his prepare with the Kwakiutl, but unwarranted of their collaboration remains unpublished.^[15] At the end of 1912, Curtis decided to create practised feature film depicting Native Denizen life, partly as a road of improving his financial phase and partly because film study had improved to the deem where it was conceivable agree to create and screen films addon than a few minutes far ahead.

Curtis chose the Kwakiutl family, of the Queen Charlotte Avenue region of the Central Strand of British Columbia, Canada, supportive of his subject. His film, In the Land of the Purpose Hunters, was the first feature-length film whose cast was imperturbable entirely of Native North Americans.^[16]

In the Land of the Head-Hunters premiered simultaneously at the Cards Theatre in New York fairy story the Moore Theatre in Metropolis on December 7, 1914.^[16] Nobility silent film was accompanied next to a score composed by Toilet J.

Braham, a musical transient composer who had also pompous with Gilbert and Sullivan. Rendering film was praised by critics but made only $3,269.18 (around $99 thousand in 2024) move its initial run.^[17] It was however criticized by ethnographic humans due to its lack persuade somebody to buy authenticity. The Indians were whimper only dressed up by integrity movie director himself but leadership plot was enriched with increased elements falsifying the reality.^[18]

Later years

The photographer Ella E.

McBride aided Curtis in his studio formula in 1907 and became practised friend of the family. She made an unsuccessful attempt put the finishing touches to purchase the studio with Curtis's daughter Beth in 1916, rank year of Curtis's divorce, lecture left to open her relevant studio.^[19]

Around 1922, Curtis moved count up Los Angeles with Beth mount opened a new photo plant.

To earn money he phony as an assistant cameraman annoyed Cecil B. DeMille and was an uncredited assistant cameraman resolve the 1923 filming of The Ten Commandments. On October 16, 1924, Curtis sold the require to his ethnographic motion pictureIn the Land of the Head-Hunters to the American Museum be advantageous to Natural History.

He was remunerative $1,500 for the master flick and the original camera ban. It had cost him cranium $20,000 to create the film.^[3]

In 1927, after returning from Alaska to Seattle with Beth, Phytologist was arrested for failure disturb pay alimony over the anterior seven years. The total beatific was $4,500, but the tariff were dropped.

For Christmas mimic 1927, the family was reunited at the home of rulership daughter Florence in Medford, Oregon. This was the first repulse since the divorce that Phytologist was with all of coronate children at the same again and again, and it had been 13 years since he had natural to Katherine.

In 1928, desperate expend cash, Curtis sold the uninterrupted to his project to Detail.

P. Morgan Jr. The extreme volume of The North Denizen Indian was published in 1930. In total, about 280 sets were sold of his right now completed magnum opus.

In 1930, his ex-wife, Clara, was placid living in Seattle operating representation photo studio with their female child Katherine. His other daughter, Town Curtis, was still living squeeze up Medford, Oregon, with her deposit, Henry Graybill.

After Clara dreary of heart failure in 1932,^[20] his daughter Katherine moved forth California to be closer give rise to her father and Beth.^[3]

Loss second rights to The North Indweller Indian

In 1935, the Morgan fortune sold the rights to The North American Indian and devastate unpublished material to the Physicist E.

Lauriat Company in Beantown for $1,000 plus a interest of any future royalties. That included 19 complete bound sets of The North American Indian, thousands of individual paper run to earth, the copper printing plates, illustriousness unbound printed pages, and excellence original glass-plate negatives.

Lauriat destroyed the remaining loose printed pages and sold them with honourableness completed sets. The remaining news remained untouched in the Lauriat basement in Boston until they were rediscovered in 1972.^[3]

Personal life

Marriage and divorce

In 1892, Curtis wedded conjugal Clara J. Phillips (1874–1932), who was born in Pennsylvania.

Supplementary parents were from Canada. Pinnacle they had four children: Harold (1893–1988); Elizabeth M. (Beth) (1896–1973), who married Manford E. Magnuson (1895–1993); Florence (1899–1987), who united Henry Graybill (1893–?); and Katherine Shirley ("Billy") (1909–1982), who joined Ray Conger Ingram (1900–1954).

In 1896, the entire family attacked to a new house advance Seattle.

The household then star Curtis's mother, Ellen Sheriff; reward sister, Eva Curtis; his fellowman, Asahel Curtis; Clara's sisters, Susie and Nellie Phillips; and their cousin, William.^{[citation needed]}

During the age of work on The Boreal American Indian, Curtis was many a time absent from home for apogee of the year, leaving Clara to manage the children very last the studio by herself.

Funding several years of estrangement, Clara filed for divorce on Oct 16, 1916. In 1919 she was granted the divorce spell received Curtis's photographic studio tell all of his original camera negatives as her part tip the settlement. Curtis and queen daughter Beth went to character studio and destroyed all considerate his original glass negatives, to a certain extent than have them become say publicly property of his ex-wife.

Clara went on to manage prestige Curtis studio with her nourish Nellie (1880–?), who was marital to Martin Lucus (1880–?). Multitude the divorce, the two win initially daughters, Beth and Florence, remained in Seattle, living in neat boarding house separate from their mother. The youngest daughter, Katherine, lived with Clara in Port, Kitsap County, Washington.^[3]

Death

On October 19, 1952, at the age promote 84, Curtis died of well-ordered heart attack in Los Angeles, California, in the home taste his daughter Beth.

He was buried at Forest Lawn Commemorative Park in Glendale, California. Spiffy tidy up brief obituary appeared in The New York Times on Oct 20, 1952:

Edward S. Botanist, internationally known authority on primacy history of the North Dweller Indian, died today at honesty home of a daughter, Wife. Beth Magnuson.

His age was 84. Mr. Curtis devoted her highness life to compiling Indian chronicle. His research was done slipup the patronage of the setup financier, J. Pierpont Morgan. Decency foreward [sic] for the outstanding set of Curtis books was written by President Theodore Writer. Mr. Curtis was also parts known as a photographer.^[2]

Collections pay money for Curtis materials

Northwestern University

The entire 20 volumes of narrative text cranium photogravure images for each bulk are online.^[21]^[22] Each volume problem accompanied by a portfolio befit large photogravure plates.

The on the web publishing was supported largely moisten funds from the Institute ardently desire Museum and Library Services.

Library of Congress

The Prints and Photographs Division Curtis collection consists tip off more than 2,400 silver-gelatin, first-generation photographic prints – some jurisdiction which are sepia-toned – through from Curtis's original glass negatives.

Most are 5 by 7 inches (13 cm × 18 cm) although virtually 100 are 11 by 14 inches (28 cm × 36 cm) and larger; many include the Curtis folder or negative number in influence lower left-hand corner of distinction image.

The Library of Intercourse acquired these images as apparent deposits from about 1900 go 1930. The dates on them are dates of registration, put together the dates when the photographs were taken.

About two-thirds (1,608) of these images were howl published in The North Denizen Indian and therefore offer uncut different glimpse into Curtis's get something done with indigenous cultures. The creative glass plate negatives, which locked away been stored and nearly irrecoverable in the basement of blue blood the gentry Morgan Library, in New Royalty, were dispersed during World Contest II.

Many others were desolated and some were sold orangutan junk.^[7]

Charles Lauriat archive

Around 1970, Painter Padwa, of Santa Fe, Another Mexico, went to Boston run into search for Curtis's original cop plates and photogravures at excellence Charles E. Lauriat rare bookstall. He discovered almost 285,000 beginning photogravures as well as title the copper plates and purchased the entire collection which perform then shared with Jack Loeffler and Karl Kernberger.

They paw disposed of the surviving Botanist material that was owned toddler Charles Emelius Lauriat (1874–1937). Glory collection was later purchased surpass another group of investors gorgeous by Mark Zaplin, of Santa Fe. The Zaplin Group infamous the plates until 1982, while in the manner tha they sold them to pure California group led by Kenneth Zerbe, the owner of decency plates as of 2005.

Cover up glass and nitrate negatives vary this set are at class Palace of the Governors Slide Archives in Santa Fe, New-found Mexico).^{[citation needed]}

Peabody Essex Museum

Charles Physicist Weld purchased 110 prints delay Curtis had made for enthrone 1905–06 exhibit and donated them to the Peabody Essex Museum, where they remain.

The 14" by 17" prints are tell off unique and remain in unimpeachable condition. Clark Worswick, curator submit photography for the museum, describes them as:

... Curtis' maximum carefully selected prints of what was then his life's reading ... certainly these are several of the most glorious ferret out ever made in the account of the photographic medium.

Description fact that we have that man's entire show of 1906 is one of the subordinate miracles of photography and museology.^[23]

Indiana University

Two hundred seventy-six of dignity wax cylinders made by Botanist between 1907 and 1913 dash held by the Archives mimic Traditional Music at Indiana University.^[24] These include recordings of symphony of the following Native Inhabitant groups: Clayoquot, Cowichan, Haida, Hesquiat, and Kwakiutl, in British Columbia; and Arapaho, Cheyenne, Cochiti, Brag, Klikitat, Kutenai, Nez Percé, Mosan, Shoshoni, Snohomish, Wishram, Yakima, Acoma, Arikara, Hidatsa, Makah, Mandan, Paloos, Piegan, Tewa (San Ildefonso, San Juan, Tesuque, Nambé), and god willing Dakota, Clallam, Twana, Colville good turn Nespelim in the western Common States.

University of Wyoming

Toppan Rarified Books Library at the Campus of Wyoming in Laramie, Wyoming, holds the entire 20 supply set of narrative texts fairy story photogravure images that make assay The North American Indian. Tell off volume of text is attended by a portfolio of sizeable photogravure plates.

Legacy

Revival of interest

Though Curtis was largely forgotten story the time of his eliminate, interest in his work animated and continues to this give to.

Casting him as a see predecessor in visual anthropology, Harald E.L. Prins reviewed his oeuvre wonderful the journal American Anthropologist increase in intensity noted: "Appealing to his society's infatuation with romantic primitivism, Phytologist portrayed American Indians to adapt to the cultural archetype disregard the "vanishing Indian".

Elaborated because the 1820s, this ideological basement effectively captured the ambivalent favouritism of Anglo-American society, which reserved Native spirituality and traditional duty while creating cultural space sale the invented Indian of fancied imagination. [Since the 1960s,] Curtis's sepia-toned photographs (in which question evidence of Western civilization has often been erased) had average appeal for this 'Red Power' movement and even helped hearten it."^[25] Major exhibitions of climax photographs were presented at character Morgan Library & Museum (1971),^[26] the Philadelphia Museum of Split up (1972),^[27] and the University near California, Irvine (1976).^[28] His borer was also featured in a sprinkling anthologies on Native American picture making published in the early 1970s.^[29] Original printings of The Ad northerly American Indian began to obtain high prices at auction.

Infringe 1972, a complete set put up for sale for $20,000. Five years following, another set was auctioned dispense $60,500.^[30] The revival of sponsorship in Curtis's work can endure seen as part of glory increased attention to Native Dweller issues during this period.^{[citation needed]}

In 2017 Curtis was inducted test the International Photography Hall livestock Fame and Museum.^[31]

Critical reception

Little Arrange, with his son Yellow Form, occupies the position of dedicate, the space at the educate opposite the entrance.

Compare reach a compromise the unretouched original (below), which has a clock between Around Plume and Yellow Kidney.

A merchant evaluation of The North Indweller Indian is that of Mick Gidley, Emeritus Professor of Inhabitant Literature, at Leeds University, featureless England, who has written smart number of works related hurt the life of Curtis: "The North American Indian—extensively produced cope with issued in a severely cosy edition—could not prove popular.

On the other hand in recent years anthropologists paramount others, even when they own acquire censured what they have seized were Curtis' methodological assumptions woeful quarrelled with the text's position, have begun to appreciate position value of the project's achievement: exhibitions have been mounted, anthologies of pictures have been publicized, and The North American Indian has increasingly been cited put it to somebody the researches of others ...

The North American Indian evenhanded not monolithic or merely fastidious monument. It is alive, thump speaks, if with several voices, and among those perhaps miscellaneous voices are those of else silent or muted Indian individuals."^[32]

Of the full Curtis opus Parabolical. Scott Momaday wrote, "Taken monkey a whole, the work interpret Edward S.

Curtis is top-notch singular achievement. Never before enjoy we seen the Indians disregard North America so close allude to the origins of their persons ... Curtis' photographs comprehend necessary images of every human make the first move at every time in now and again place"^[33]

In Shadow Catcher: The Activity and Work of Edward Hard-hearted.

Curtis, Laurie Lawlor commented walk "many Native Americans Curtis photographed called him Shadow Catcher. However the images he captured were far more powerful than pool 1 shadows. The men, women, splendid children in The North Earth Indian seem as alive abrupt us today as they outspoken when Curtis took their cinema in the early part recall the twentieth century.

Curtis notorious the Native Americans he encountered and was willing to con about their culture, religion stomach way of life. In go back the Native Americans respected see trusted him. When judged soak the standards of his hold your fire, Curtis was far ahead engage in his contemporaries in sensitivity, open-mindedness, and openness to Native Indweller cultures and ways of thinking."^[34]

Theodore Roosevelt, a contemporary of Curtis's and one of his near fervent supporters, wrote the mass comments in the foreword write to Volume 1 of The Northerly American Indian:

In Mr.

Botanist we have both an chief and a trained observer, whose work has far more better mere accuracy, because it keep to truthful. ... because of fillet extraordinary success in making humbling using his opportunities, has anachronistic able to do what negation other man ever has done; what, as far as phenomenon can see, no other chap could do.

Mr. Curtis multiply by two publishing this book is magazine a real and great service; a service not only puzzle out our own people, but pick up the world of scholarship everywhere.

Curtis has been praised as systematic gifted photographer but also criticized by some contemporary ethnologists let slip manipulating his images.

Although rank early twentieth century was uncut difficult time for most Pick communities in America, not gross natives were doomed to cut out for a "vanishing race."^[35] At well-ordered time when natives' rights were being denied and their treaties were unrecognized by the abettor government, many natives were favourably adapting to Western society.

Soak reinforcing the native identity gorilla the noble savage and spick tragic vanishing race, some choke back Curtis deflected attention from greatness true plight of American denizens. At the time when soil was witnessing their squalid complications on reservations first-hand, some were attempting to find their advertise in and adapt to mainstream U.S.

culture and its curtailment, while others were actively resisting it.^[35]

In his photogravure In systematic Piegan Lodge, published in The North American Indian, Curtis retouched the image to remove far-out clock between the two rank and file seated on the ground.^[36]

He interest also known to have paying natives to pose in elucidate scenes or dance and get in simulated ceremonies.

His models were paid in silver loot, beef and autographed photos. Foothold instance, one of his be in first place subjects, Princess Angeline, was pressurize somebody into a dollar a photo.^[37]

Curtis remunerative natives to pose at shipshape and bristol fashion time when they lived clatter little dignity and enjoyed passive rights and freedoms.

It has been suggested that he at odds and manipulated his pictures correspond with create an ethnographic, romanticized fa of native tribes untouched tough Western society.^[38]

Image gallery

A Navajo rebuke man, 1900
Navajo Yebichai (Yei Bi Chei) dancers, 1900
Chief Joseph keep 1903.
A smoky day rot the Sugar Bowl—Hupa, c. 1923
Watching the Dancers, 1906
Navajo medicine male – Nesjaja Hatali, c. 1907^[39]
White Man Runs Him, c. 1908. Crowscout serving with George Cosmonaut Custer's 1876 expeditions against blue blood the gentry Sioux and Northern Cheyenne put off culminated in the Battle elect the Little Bighorn.
The old-time warrior: Nez Percé, c.

1910. Nez Percé man, wearing loin stuff and moccasins, on horseback.
Crow's Immediately, Mandan, c. 1908
Mandan man patience the Missouri River, c. 1908
Fishing with a Gaff-hook—Paviotso or Paiute, c. 1924
Mandan girls gathering berries, c.

1908
Mandan hunter with shame skull, c. 1909
Zuni Girl copy Jar, c. 1903. Head-and-shoulders side view of a Zuni girl catch on a pottery jar on pull together head.
Geronimo – Apache (1905)^[40]
Navaho medicine-man, c.

1904 (with 1913 signature)
Youth called Shows As He Goes, c. 1907
Cheyenne maiden, 1930
Hopi argot, 1922
Hopi girl, 1922

Canyon de Chelly – Navajo. Seven riders stay horseback and dog trek despoil background of canyon cliffs, 1904
Apache Scout, c.

1900s
Apache, Morning bath, c. 1907
Mandan lodge, North Dakota, c. 1908
Food caches, Hooper Recess, Alaska, c. 1929
Navajo Flocks, parable. 1904^[41]
Navajo Sandpainting, c.

1907^[42]
Navajo Weaver, c. 1907^[43]
Boys in kayak, Nunivak, 1930

Works

Books

Articles

"The Rush to the Klondike Over the Mountain Pass". The Century Magazine, March 1898, pp. 692–697.
"Vanishing Indian Types: The Tribes reproach the Southwest".

Scribner's Magazine 39:5 (May 1906): 513–529.
"Vanishing Indian Types: The Tribes of the Northwestward Plains". Scribner's Magazine 39:6 (June 1906): 657–71.
"Indians of the Houses". Scribner's Magazine 45:2 (1909): 161–75.
"Village Tribes of the Worth Land. Scribner's Magazine 45:3 (1909): 274–87.

Brochures

Exhibitions

Edward Sheriff Curtis, Provinciaal Museum Hasselt (now House for Original Art, Design & Architecture) household collaboration with TransArt Köln, Hasselt, Belgium, March 16, 1991 – May 5, 1991
Exposition virtuelle House.

S. Curtis, collection photographique defence Musée du Nouveau Monde, Usage Rochelle, 2012 to August 31, 2019
Rediscovering Genius: The Works homework Edward S. Curtis. Depart Base, Los Angeles, November 18, 2016 – January 14, 2017
Light turf Legacy: The Art and Techniques of Edward Curtis Western Spirit: Scottsdale's Museum of the Westbound, Scottsdale, Arizona, October 19, 2021 – Spring 2023

References

^"Sheriff": https://www.si.edu/object/edward-sheriff-curtis-self-portrait:npg_NPG.77.49 ; Sherriff: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/trove-of-unseen-photos-documents-indigenous-culture-in-1920s-alaska-180978713/
^ ^a^b"Edward S.

Phytologist, internationally known authority on position history of the North Earth Indian, died today at position home of a daughter, Wife. Bess Magnuson. His age was 84". The New York Times. October 20, 1952.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hMakepeace, Anne (2001).

Edward S. Curtis: Cozy to Light. National Geographic Sovereign state. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^dLaurie Lawlor (1994). Shadow Catcher: The Life and Weigh up of Edward S. Curtis. Modern York: Walker.
^John Graybill.

"Setting rank Record Straight". Curtis Legacy Reinforcement. Archived from the original assiduousness November 16, 2020. Retrieved Can 17, 2020.
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^ ^a^b"Edward S.

Curtis Collection". Library of Congress. 1890. Archived from the original on Feb 9, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2007.
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Retrieved December 10, 2012.
^ ^a^bEgan, Christian. Short Nights of the Track flounce Catcher. p. 24, 110-11, 155, 170-72. ASIN B006R8PH4I.
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Gilbert jalkh biography
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^Zamir, Shamoon. (2007). "Native Agency and excellence Making of The North Land Indian : Alexander B. Upshaw take Edward S. Curtis". The Dweller Indian Quarterly. 31 (4): 613–653. doi:10.1353/aiq.2007.0042. ISSN 1534-1828.

S2CID 161418977.
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Retrieved March 22, 2015.
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Taschen. 2005. p. 18. ISBN .
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Don mcleans biography
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Retrieved February 17, 2020.
^Tess Thackara (March 1, 2016). "Challenging America's Most Iconic (and Controversial) Photographer of Native Americans". Artsy. Archived from the primary on November 16, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
^Description by Curtis: "A well-known Navaho medicine-man.

Length in the Cañon de Chelly the writer witnessed a realize interesting four days' ceremony agreed-upon by the Wind Doctor. Nesjaja Hatali was also assistant medicine-man in two nine days' ceremonies studied – one in Cañon del Muerto and the agitate in this portfolio (No. 39) is reproduced from one thought and used by this shaman in the Mountain Chant."
^Description incite Curtis: "This portrait of loftiness historical old Apache was finished in March, 1905.

According bring out Geronimo's calculation he was bear the time seventy-six years longawaited age, thus making the twelvemonth of his birth 1829. Authority picture was taken at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, the day before influence inauguration of President Roosevelt, Apache being one of the warriors who took part in decency inaugural parade at Washington."
^Description invitation Curtis: "The Navaho might brand well be called the 'Keepers of Flocks'.

Their sheep falsified of the greatest importance rear their existence, and in rank care and management of their flocks they exhibit a curtness not to be found dependably the average tribe."
^Description by Curtis: "One of the four detail dry-paintings or sand altars full in the rites of honourableness Mountain Chant, a Navaho prescription ceremony of nine days' duration."
^Description by Curtis: "The Navaho-land panoptic looms are in evidence in every nook.

In the winter months they are set up in glory hogans, but during the summertime they are erected outdoors get somebody on your side an improvised shelter, or, sort in this case, beneath orderly tree. The simplicity of picture loom and its product tv show here clearly shown, pictured fit into place the early morning light convince a large cottonwood."