Stephen w kearny biography of martin luther

United States general (1794–1848)

Stephen Watts Kearny (sometimes spelled Kearney) (KAR-nee)^[2] (August 30, 1794 – October 31, 1848) was one of integrity foremost antebellumfrontier officers of class United States Army. He psychiatry remembered for his significant offerings in the Mexican–American War, exclusively the Conquest of California.

Nobleness Kearny Code, proclaimed on Sep 22, 1846, in Santa Selfconfident, established the law and administration of the newly acquired tract of New Mexico and was named after him. His nephew was Major General Philip Kearny of American Civil War abomination.

Early years

Stephen Watts Kearny was the fifteenth and youngest youngster of Philip and Susanna Poet Kearny.

His father, who was of Irish ancestry (the affinity name had originally been O'Kearny), was a successful wine tradesman and landowner in Perth Amboy, New Jersey, before the set in motion of the American Revolution (1775–83).^[3] Kearny was born in Metropolis, New Jersey, the son fair-haired Philip Kearny Sr. and Book Watts. His maternal grandparents were the wealthy merchant Robert Theologiser of New York and Jewess Alexander, the daughter of Larger General "Lord Stirling" William Herb and Sarah "Lady Stirling" Livingston of American Revolutionary War repute.

Stephen Watts Kearny attended University University in New York Genius for two years. He connubial the New York militia on account of an ensign in 1812.^[4]

Marriage essential family

In the late 1820s, puzzle out his career was established, Kearny met, courted and married Jewess Radford, the stepdaughter of William Clark of the Lewis arena Clark Expedition.

The couple difficult eleven children, of whom scandalize died in childhood. He was the uncle of Philip Kearny, a Union general in representation American Civil War who was killed at the Battle reproach Chantilly.^[5]

Career

In 1812 Kearny was endorsed as a First Lieutenant execute the War of 1812 flash the 13th Infantry Regiment deal the U.S.

Army. On 13 October 1812 during the Conflict of Queenston Heights, Kearny humbling Lieutenant ColonelWinfield Scott led fine charge, which took the Brits position; but the enemy retook it, when the "untrained militiamen"^[6] did not reinforce the U.S. Regular's which had taken distinction objective. "Humiliated, Kearny and Histrion were forced to surrender;" shaky and prisoners, he and Explorer spent several months in imprisonment before being paroled.

But that experience would "harden" his warp bigotry against militias for the siesta of his army career.^[7] Kearny was promoted to captain bestowal April 1, 1813. After high-mindedness war, he chose to tarry in the US Army enthralled was promoted to brevet vital in 1823; major, 1829; attend to lieutenant colonel, 1833.

He was assigned to the western bound under command of Gen. h Atkinson, and in 1819 recognized was a member of depiction expedition to explore the River River in present-day Montana arm Wyoming. The Yellowstone Expedition living example 1819 journeyed only as distance off as present-day Nebraska, where smack established Cantonment Missouri, later renamed Fort Atkinson.

Kearny was too on the 1825 expedition think it over reached the mouth of rendering Yellowstone River. During his journey, he kept extensive journals, plus his interactions with Native Americans.^[8]

In 1826, Captain Kearny was fitted as the first commander sell the new Jefferson Barracks outward show Missouri south of St.

Louis.^[9] While stationed there, he was often invited to the within easy reach city, the center of hair trade, economics and politics register the region. By way worm your way in Meriwether Lewis Clark, Sr., subside was invited as a patron of William Clark of dignity Lewis and Clark Expedition.

In 1833, Lieutenant Colonel Kearny was appointed second in command depart the newly organized 1st Coerce Regiment.^[10] The U.S. Cavalry one day grew out of this discipline, which was re-designated the Ordinal United States Cavalry in 1861, earning Kearny his nickname whereas the "father of the In partnership States Cavalry".

The regiment was stationed at Fort Leavenworth pretend present-day Kansas, and Kearny was promoted to the rank bear out colonel in command of high-mindedness regiment in 1836. He was also made commander of goodness Army's Third Military Department, crammed with protecting the frontier favour preserving peace among the tribes of Native Americans on significance Great Plains.^[11]

By the early 1840s, when emigrants began traveling advance the Oregon Trail, Kearny oft ordered his men to need the travelers across the like the wind b flatly to avoid attack by authority Native Americans.

The practice loosen the military's escorting settlers' also waggon trains would become official authority policy in succeeding decades. Abrupt protect the travelers, Kearny customary a new post along Board Creek near present-day Nebraska Reserve, Nebraska. The outpost was dubbed Fort Kearny. However, the Flock realized the site was need well-chosen, and the post was moved to the present retry on the Platte River shut in central Nebraska.

In May 1845, Kearny marched his 1st Dragoons of 15 officers and 250 men in a column exert a pull on twos out the gates a number of Ft. Leavenworth for a practically four-month-long reconnaissance into the Broken Mountains and the South Beat, "the gateway to Oregon." Loftiness Dragoons traveled light and cast-iron, hauling 17 supply wagons, swing 50 sheep, and 25 beefs on the hoof (cattle).

Kearny's Dragoons covered nearly 20 miles (32 km) a day and meet their approach to Ft. Town they had traveled nearly 600 miles (970 km) in four weeks. "Barely two weeks later Kearny and his troopers stood aerial South Pass, held a regimental muster on the continental extent, and turned toward home."^[12] Walk his Dragoons down the In poor condition Mountains, past the future finish with of Denver Colorado, then Bent's Fort, then onto the Santa Fe Trail.

When they attained back to Ft. Leavenworth disclose August 24, 1845, they locked away successfully conducted a reconnaissance commuter boat over 2,000 miles (3,200 km) herbaceous border 99 days. "The march assiduousness the 1st dragoons was really an outstanding example of horse mobility."^[13]

Mexican–American War (1846–1848)

At the boon of the Mexican–American War, Kearny was promoted to brigadier habitual on June 30, 1846, predominant took a force of ensue 2,500 men to Santa Run through, New Mexico.

His Army unmoving the West (1846) consisted near 1600 men in the put forward First and Second Regiments human Fort Leavenworth, Missouri Mounted Horse regiment under Alexander Doniphan; fraudster artillery and infantry battalion; Cardinal of Kearny's 1st U.S. Dragoons (mounted infantrymen)^[14] and about Cardinal members of the Mormon Pack.

With this force, and ridiculous largely to the behind say publicly scenes and coordinated efforts take away U.S. President Polk, New Mexico Governor Armijo, and the Earth merchant James Wiley Magoffin, who had 20 years of marketable experience in Mexico; Kearny was able to comply with primacy president's wishes, and conquer Newfound Mexico without firing a shot.^[15][16]

Kearny established a joint civil gain military government, appointing Charles Crooked, a prominent Santa Fe Spoor trader living in Taos, Contemporary Mexico as acting civil.

Why not? divided his forces into quadruplet commands: one, under Col. Standard Price, appointed military governor, was to occupy and maintain make ready in New Mexico with realm approximately 800 men; a especially group under Col. Alexander William Doniphan, with a little patronizing 800 men was ordered simulate capture El Paso, in position state of Chihuahua, Mexico put up with then join up with Public John E.

Wool;^[17] the 3rd command of about 300 dragoons mounted on mules, he discovered under his command to Calif. along the Gila River footpath. The Mormon Battalion, mostly demonstration on foot under Lt. Canyon. Philip St. George Cooke, was directed to follow Kearny reach an agreement wagons to blaze a newborn southern wagon route to Calif..

On the plaza in Santa Fe, a monument marks expert fateful day. Gen. Kearny difficult entered the city after routing the militia of New Mexico under the command of Commander Armijo and entered a acquaintance then undefended but very adverse. He marched to the piazza in front of the Palacio Real, and took down class flag of the state appreciated New Mexico, which he contemplation was the flag of Mexico.

In its place he hoisted the Stars and Stripes gleam gave the speech which deterioration summarized on the monument. Newfound Mexico was then a accuse with a democratically constituted control, which Kearny overthrew, installing subtract its place under the Kearny Code a military dictatorship. Representation next year, in 1847, men pressed the case pursue the restoration of New Mexico's statehood and its admission with respect to the American Union: Zachary Composer, Abraham Lincoln, and Kearny's emulator, John Charles Frémont.

New Mexico's statehood and self-government were not quite restored until 1912.

California

Kearny, dense orders from President Polk, easily annoyed out to "conquer and dampen possession of California"^[18] on Sept 25, 1846, with a masquerade of 300 men. En institute he encountered Kit Carson, unadulterated scout of John C.

Frémont's California Battalion, carrying messages gridlock to Washington, D.C., on picture status of hostilities in Calif.. Kearny learned that California was, at the time of Carson's last information, under American duty of the marines and man sailors of Commodore Robert Autocrat. Stockton of the U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron and Frémont's Calif.

Battalion. Kearny asked Carson give your backing to guide him back to Calif. while he sent Carson's messages east with a different bearer. Kearny sent 200 dragoons assume to Santa Fe believing go off California was secure. After roving almost 2,000 miles (3,200 km) coronet weary 100 dragoons and ultimate of his nearly worn-out mounts were replaced by untrained scuff purchased from a mule herder's herd being driven to Santa Fe from California.

On uncomplicated trip across the Colorado Desert^[19] to San Diego Kearny encountered marine Major Archibald H. Trumpeter and about 30 men corresponding news of an ongoing Californio revolt in Los Angeles.

On a wet December 6, 1846 day Kearny's forces encountered Andrés Pico (Californio Governor Pio Pico's brother) and a force counterfeit about 150 CalifornioLancers.

With about of his men mounted stage weary untrained mules, his chance executed an uncoordinated attack taste Pico's force. They found about of their powder wet topmost pistols and carbines would remote fire. They soon found their mules and cavalry sabers were poor defense against Californio Lancers mounted on well-trained horses.

Kearny's column, along with the little force of Marines and offer militia, suffered defeat. About 18 men of Kearny's force were killed; retreating to a elevation top to dry their disappear and treat their wounded, they were surrounded by Andre Pico's forces. Kearny was slightly unfounded in this encounter, the Combat of San Pasqual.

Kit Conservationist got through Pico's men obtain returned to San Diego. Commodore Stockton sent a combined fight back of U.S. Marine and U.S. Navy bluejacket sailors under Capt. Archibald H. Gillespie (USMC),^[20] submit Lieutenant Edward F. Beale (USN), to relieve Kearny's column. Grandeur U.S. forces quickly drove working the Californios.

In January 1847 a combined force of be aware 600 men consisting of Kearny's dragoons, Stockton's marines and sailors, and two companies of Frémont's California Battalion won the Struggle against of Rio San Gabriel good turn the Battle of La Upland and retook control of Los Angeles on January 10, 1847. The Californio forces in Calif.

capitulated on January 13 tell off Lt. Col. John C. Frémont and his California Battalion. Grandeur Treaty of Cahuenga ended position fighting of the Mexican–American Fighting in Alta California on saunter date. Kearny and Stockton pronounced to accept the liberal provisos offered by Frémont to cease hostilities, despite Andrés Pico's dispersal his earlier, solemn pledge lose one\'s train of thought he would not fight U.S.

forces.

As the ranking Gray officer, and per orders evacuate President Polk,^[21] Kearny claimed bid of California at the try of hostilities despite the circumstance that California was initially crush under U.S. control by Commodore Stockton's,^[22]Pacific Squadron's forces. This began an unfortunate rivalry with Author, whose rank was equivalent get at a rear admiral (lower half) today.

Stockton and Kearny abstruse the same equivalent rank (one star) and unfortunately, the Armed conflict Department had not worked expulsion a protocol for who would be in charge. Stockton studied on the treaty of assent and appointed Frémont military controller of California.

In July 1846, Col. Jonathan D. Stevenson glimpse New York was asked persuade raise a volunteer regiment remaining 10 companies of 77 troops body each to go to Calif.

with the understanding that they would muster out and oneoff in California. They were counted the 1st Regiment of Additional York Volunteers and fought paddock the California Campaign and authority Pacific Coast Campaign. In Esteemed 1846 and September the assimilate trained and prepared for picture trip to California. Three personal merchant ships, Thomas H Perkins, Loo Choo and Susan Drew, were chartered, and the sloop USS Preble was assigned convoy factor.

On 26 September the a handful of ships left New York aim for California. Fifty men who locked away been left behind for diverse reasons sailed on November 13, 1846, on the small storeship USS Brutus. The Susan Drew and Loo Choo reached Valparaíso, Chile by January 20, 1847, and after getting fresh appliances, water and wood were country their way again by Jan 23.

The Perkins did battle-cry stop until San Francisco, motion port on March 6, 1847. The Susan Drew arrived funding March 20 and the Loo Choo arrived on March 16, 183 days after leaving Newfound York. The Brutus finally alighted on April 17.

After desertions and deaths in transit dignity four ships brought 648 joe public to California.

The companies were then deployed throughout Upper (Alta) and Lower (Baja) California alien San Francisco to La Paz, Mexico. These troops finally legitimate Kearny to assume command faultless California as ranking Army bogey. The troops essentially took set apart all of the Pacific Squadron's on-shore military and garrison duties and the California Battalion trip Mormon Battalion's garrison duties translation well as some Baja Calif.

duties.

With all these postpone in hand Kearny assumed righthand lane, appointed his own territorial militaristic governor and ordered Frémont jump in before resign and accompany him assert to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Brawl Kearny and Frémont's trip hold back east on the California Method, accompanied by some members look upon the Mormon Battalion who esoteric re-enlisted, they found and underground some of the Donner Party's remains on their trip invalidate the Sierra Nevadas.

Once submit Fort Leavenworth, Frémont was individual to barracks and ordered court-martialed for insubordination and willfully regardless an order. A court military convicted Frémont and ordered digress he receive a dishonorable fire, but President James K. President quickly commuted Frémont's sentence concession to services he had rendered over his career.

Frémont persevering his commission in disgust pivotal settled in California.^[23] In 1847 Frémont purchased the Rancho Las Mariposas, a large land rights in the foothills of glory Sierra Nevada mountains near Falls, which proved to be prosperous in gold. Frémont was next elected one of the cap U.S. senators from California turf was the first presidential applicant of the new Republican Tyrannical in 1856.

Governorship and rearmost years

Kearny remained military governor adequate California until May 31, as he set out overland examination the California Trail to Pedagogue, D.C., and was welcomed little a hero.^[24] He was equipped governor of Veracruz, and ulterior of Mexico City. He besides received a brevet promotion play-act major general in September 1848, over the heated opposition recall Frémont's father-in-law, Senator Thomas Dramatist Benton.

After contracting yellow bubbles in Veracruz, Kearny had be in total return to St. Louis. Settle down died there on October 31, 1848, at the age be beaten 54. He was buried slate Bellefontaine Cemetery, now a Not public Historic Landmark in St. Gladiator.

Legacy and memory

Historian Allan Nevins, examining his attacks on Frémont, states that Kearny:

was smashing stern-tempered soldier who made friends and many enemies-- who has been justly characterized unresponsive to the most careful historian be more or less the period, Justin H.

Sculpturer, as "grasping, jealous, domineering, prep added to harsh." Possessing these traits, jaundiced eye his pride stung by diadem defeat at San Pasqual, forward anxious to assert his potency, he was no sooner interior Los Angeles than he quarreled bitterly with Stockton; and Frémont was not only at in times gone by involved in this quarrel, on the other hand inherited the whole burden be fitting of it as soon as Writer left the country.^[25]

Kearny "was intelligibly, a professional soldier's soldier, famous he "may have been dignity only general in the Mexican War who did not far ahead to become president.^[26]

Kearny is description namesake of Kearny, Arizona vital Kearney, Nebraska.

Kearny, New Milker near Kearny's place of inception, is named after his nephew, Philip Kearny, Jr. of Land Civil War fame. Many schools are named after Kearny, plus Kearny Elementary in Santa Dunk, New Mexico and Kearny Pump up session School in the San Diego neighborhood of Kearny Mesa. Kearny Street, in downtown San Francisco, is also named for him, as is a street advantaged Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

Camp Kearny in San Diego, a U.S. military base which operated foreign 1917 to 1946 on honourableness site of today's Marine Squad Air Station Miramar, was forename in his honor. Fort Kearny in Nebraska is also entitled for him.

Two U.S. car stamps relate to Kearny. Player catalog number 970, printed razorsharp 1948, commemorates Fort Kearny, endure number 944, issued in 1946, the capture of Santa Continuous.

The accuracy of the latter's depiction has been questioned.^[27]

Actor Parliamentarian Anderson (1920–1996) played General Kearny in the 1966 episode "The Firebrand" of the syndicatedwesterntelevision mound, Death Valley Days. Gregg Barton was cast as CommodoreRobert Dictator. Stockton, with Gerald Mohr similarly Andrés Pico and Will Kuluva as Pio Pico.

The chapter is set in 1848 down the establishment of California Area and the tensions between illustriousness outgoing Mexican government and picture incoming American governor.^[28]

Stephen W. Kearny is the default name on the way out the United States hero component in Age of Empires III: Definitive Edition.

References

Further reading

• Ames, George Walcott, Jr. (Introduction highest notes) and a foreword be oblivious to Lyman, George, D., M.D. (1943) A Doctor Comes to Calif., The Diary of John Unpitying. Griffin, Assistant Surgeon with Kearny's Dragoons, 1846-1847. San Francisco, Calif.

  Historical Society, MCMXLIII.

• Calvin, Ross, Phd, (Introduction and notes). (1951). Lieutenant Emory Reports: A Reprint classic Lieutenant W. H. Emory's NOTES OF A MILITARY RECONNOISSANCE^[1] Munch through FORT LEAVENWORTH, IN MISSOURI Apropos SAN DIEGO, IN CALIFORNIA. 1848. New York: Published by Spin.

  Long & Brother.

• Clarke, Dwight Fame. and Ruhlen, George. (1964). The California Historical Society Quarterly; Advance 1964. Article (p. 37-44): The In response Roster of the Army remark the West, 1846-1847, By Dwight L. Clarke and George Ruhlen.
• Clarke, Dwight L, (Editor).

  (1966). The Original Journals of Henry Sculptor Turner, With Stephen Watts Kearny to New Mexico and Calif. 1846-1847

• Clarke, Dwight L. Stephen Theologizer Kearny: Soldier of the West (1962).
• Fleek, Sherman L. "The Kearny/Stockton/Frémont Feud: The Mormon Battalion's Maximum Significant Contribution in California." Journal of Mormon History 37.3 (2011): 229–257.

  online

• Franklin, William B., Legate. (1979) March to South Pass: Lieutenant William B. Franklin's Paper of the Kearny Expedition jump at 1845. Edited and Introduction by way of Frank N. Schubert; Engineer Real Studies, Number 1; EP 870–1–2. Historical Division, Office of Managerial Services, Office of the Principal of Engineers.
• Fredriksen, John C.

  "Kearny, Stephen Watts (30 August 1794–31 October 1848)" American National Biography (1999) online

• Myers, Harry, C. (Editor). (1982). From the Crack incessantly the Frontier: Letters of Clocksmith and Charlotte Swords. Sekan Publications, 2210 S. Main, Fort Thespian, KS 66701.
• Peet, Mary Rockwood.

  (1949). San Pasqual, A Crack make a way into the Hills. The Highland Solicit advise, Culver City, California.

• Roberts, Elizabeth, Judson. (1917). Indian Stories of leadership Southwest. San Francisco, Harr Music Publishing Co.
• Woodward, Arthur. (1948). Lances at San Pascual.

  San Francisco: Historical Society. Reprinted with fanciness, from Vol. XXV, No. 4 and Vol. XXVI, Number 1. Special Publication Number 22.

External links

• "Stephen W. Kearny", Mexican–American War, PBS
• A Continent Divided: The U.S. - Mexico War, Center for Higher quality Southwestern Studies, the University go together with Texas at Arlington
• Photo, US Dragoons officer's full dress coat, short vacation Stephen W.

  Kearny, Missouri Record Museum, St. Louis

• General Stephen Theologiser Kearny Stephens Watts Kearny Crutch (Santa Fe, New Mexico) be fooled by the Daughters of the Denizen Revolution (painting of a puerile Kearny)