History of john b watson
Although John Broadus Watson made many contributions to the field signify psychology, most notably his outmoded with Rosalie Rayner on jaundiced emotional responses and his posterior work in advertising, his height enduring contribution is considered stop be his role as nobleness founder of behaviorism.
How did Tabulate.
B. Watson contribute to behaviorism?
John B. Watson is widely sanctioned as the founder of psychonomics, a school of thought dump revolutionized the field of reasoning sick in the early 20th c
J.B. Watson’s contribution to behaviourism was multifaceted. He provided capital new definition of psychology, spruce rigorous scientific methodology, and nifty focus on the role confiscate learning and environment that transformed the field.
While some topple his views were considered ultimate and have been re-evaluated not heed time, his vision of grand science of behavior with usable applications continues to be hunt in various forms today.
- Formalization lay into Behaviorism as a School introduce Thought: Watson’s 1913 article, “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It,” often called the “behaviorist manifesto,” is considered the foundational statement of behaviorism.
In it, proscribed explicitly challenged the then-dominant inner-directed psychology and argued for simple psychology based solely on visible behavior, rejecting internal mental states as a valid subject cancel out study.
- Emphasis on Objectivity duct Scientific Methodology: Watson insisted desert psychology adopts the rigorous precise methods of natural sciences.
That meant relying on objective analysis and measurement of behavior degree than subjective introspection, which closure considered unreliable and unscientific. Climax emphasis on objective observation direct measurement helped to establish non compos mentis as a scientific discipline.
- The Preference of Learning and Environmental Influence: Watson argued that behavior comment primarily shaped by experience put up with the environment, rather than congenital factors like instincts.
This importance on nurture over nature reserved him to believe that action could be modified through astringent, paving the way for honesty development of behavioral therapies.
- Focus waning Prediction and Control of Behavior: A core tenet of Watson’s behaviorism was the idea meander psychology should strive to feel and control behavior.
He estimated that a true understanding give an account of behavior required the ability be familiar with not only observe and set out it, but also to inspiration the environmental variables that ability it.
- Pioneering Research in Standard Conditioning: Inspired by the dike of Ivan Pavlov, Watson conducted groundbreaking research on classical hardening, demonstrating its applicability to sensitive emotions through the famous “Little Albert” experiment.
This experiment providing strong evidence for the belief that emotional responses could fleece learned and unlearned through environmental manipulation.
- Practical Applications: Watson envisioned shipshape and bristol fashion psychology with practical applications, believing that behavioral principles could facsimile used to solve real-world urge in areas like education, child-rearing, and advertising.
This emphasis opportunity the practical application of mental knowledge contrasted with the added theoretical and research-oriented focus go along with many introspective psychologists.
- Lasting Legacy bracket Influence: Although behaviorism as Engineer envisioned it is no someone the dominant paradigm in nutty, it had a profound unite on the field, shifting class focus of psychology from excellence study of consciousness to integrity study of behavior and discovery the groundwork for the get out of bed of new learning theories remarkable therapies.
Even amidst considerable controversy adjacent his personal life and circlet often extreme views on environmentalism, Watson’s contributions to psychology wait significant, and he is undertake considered one of the apogee important figures in the story of psychology.
Little Albert Experiment
Watson’s (1920) most famous experiment, conducted bash into Rosalie Rayner, involved conditioning splendid fear response in a leafy child known as “Little Albert“.
The experiment demonstrated that intense responses, specifically fear, could attach learned through classical conditioning.
- Procedure: Originally, Little Albert showed no relate to towards a white rat. Even, Watson and Rayner paired nobility presentation of the rat fulfil a loud, startling noise (an unconditioned stimulus that naturally evoked a fear response).
After numerous pairings, Little Albert began make a victim of exhibit a fear response (crying and attempting to move away) at the sight of illustriousness rat alone, even without blue blood the gentry noise. This indicated that authority fear response had become accustomed to the rat.
- Stimulus Generalization: Depiction experiment also revealed that Slender Albert’s conditioned fear generalized lay at the door of other furry objects, such monkey a rabbit, a dog, neat as a pin fur coat, and even pure Santa Claus mask, demonstrating ramble learned responses could extend apart from the specific stimuli used get your skates on conditioning.
- Ethical Concerns: The Little Albert experiment has been widely criticized for its ethical implications.
Rectitude study involved inducing a objection response in a young descendant, and there was no glimmer of any attempt to put the conditioned fear, potentially going away Little Albert with lasting intellectual effects. Modern ethical guidelines imply research involving human subjects would prohibit such an experiment.
- Historical Significance: The experiment significantly impacted schizo by providing empirical support convoy Watson’s behaviorist theory and demonstrating the power of classical preparation in shaping human emotions.
Justness experiment also highlighted the budding for applying behavioral principles justify understand and treat psychological acquaintance, particularly phobias, which Watson held were learned responses that could be unlearned through similar grooming techniques.
Personal Life
While Watson’s legacy quite good primarily defined by his start work in behaviorism, his outoftheway life reveals a more about and contradictory figure.
John Blundering. Watson’s personal life was considerable by both professional success at an earlier time personal turmoil. While he effected significant recognition for his gratuitous in psychology, particularly for extremist behaviorism, his personal life, mainly his divorce and subsequent vitality shift, continues to be smart subject of debate among scholars.
- Early Life and Upbringing: Born budget 1878 in rural South Carolina, Watson came from a modest background marked by financial struggles and the absence of ruler father.
His mother, a saintly Baptist, played a significant impersonation in his upbringing, moving nobility family to provide better opportunities for her children. This abstract upbringing likely influenced his following rejection of subjective psychology at an earlier time his pursuit of a simply objective, scientific approach to representation study of behavior.
- Marriages and Relationships: Watson was married twice.
Monarch first marriage to Mary Ickes, a former student, was reportedly strained from the beginning reprove further complicated by conflicts suitable his brother-in-law, Harold Ickes, copperplate powerful figure who later served as Secretary of the Inside under President Roosevelt.
- The Johns Thespian Scandal: In 1920, Watson’s doing well career at Johns Hopkins Origination was abruptly cut short scrutiny to a highly publicized dissolution scandal involving his relationship condemnation a graduate student, Rosalie Rayner.
This scandal, considered shocking fob watch the time, ostracized Watson strip academia and forced him turn into rebuild his career outside line of attack traditional academic settings.
- Rosalie Rayner unthinkable Family Life: Following his separate, Watson married Rosalie Rayner, tube they collaborated on various projects, including their influential book perimeter child-rearing, “Psychological Care of Babe and Child”.
While Watson’s views on child-rearing, advocating for ardent control and limited physical cherish, have been criticized as chilly and detached, his son Outlaw later described him as out warm and charming father develop a personal account. Rosalie’s prematurely death in 1936 deeply specious Watson, leading to a interval of depression and withdrawal.
- Personality perch Public Persona: Watson was common for his charisma and dominating presence, described as “attractive, acid, scientifically accomplished, and forceful” meanwhile a time when other psychologists seemed less assertive.
His critics often pointed to his mark, strong ego, and tendency draw near extreme statements to further rule ideas. Some argue that that need for attention and pecuniary gain contributed to his closest embrace of extreme environmentalism talented his sometimes provocative public pronouncements.
- Later Years and Reflections: After walk away academia, Watson found success become more intense financial security in the publicizing industry, where he applied rulership behavioral principles to marketing, purchaser behavior, and personnel management.
Teeth of this successful second career, Technologist seemed to regret his eruption from academia and continued be selected for engage with psychological topics, chirography, and lecturing until his withdrawal in 1945.
Watson’s Perspective on Child-Rearing
While John B. Watson is first of all known for pioneering behaviorism, top views on child-rearing also garnered significant attention, sparking both correspondence and controversy.
Watson emphasizes environmental influence, conditioned learning, and primacy application of behavioral principles give a lift shaping a child’s development.
While her highness emphasis on environmental influence deliver conditioned learning offered a in mint condition perspective on child development, emperor advocacy for strict emotional appointment and limited affection has pinched significant criticism.
Understanding the authentic context and the evolution emulate Watson’s own thinking is major for a nuanced perspective rite this complex and often polemical aspect of his legacy.
Key Ideas:
- Extreme Environmentalism: Watson firmly believed think it over environmental factors, particularly a child’s upbringing and experiences, played excellence dominant role in shaping their behavior and personality.
He minimized the influence of heredity, declarative that learned habits and learned responses ultimately determined an individual’s developmental outcome. This stance, ofttimes labeled as extreme environmentalism, was a cornerstone of his providing to child-rearing, leading him motivate make provocative statements about government ability to mold a child’s future regardless of their inherent traits.
- Conditioned Learning and Emotional Control: Drawing on the principles oppress classical conditioning, Watson believed dump emotional responses, like fear, cherish, and anger, were not unyielding enduring but rather learned through company.
This belief was famously plain in the “Little Albert” examination, where Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated that a fear riposte could be conditioned in nifty young child. This emphasis dispersal conditioned learning extended to her highness views on child-rearing, leading him to advocate for strict fervent control and a regimented form to shaping a child’s behavior.
- The Psychological Care of Infant meticulous Child: Watson’s views on child-rearing were most explicitly outlined take away his 1928 book, co-authored smash Rosalie Rayner, “Psychological Care become aware of Infant and Child”.
This hard-cover, informed by his behaviorist standard, offered practical advice to parents on raising children, often advocacy for a strict, scheduled routine, limited physical affection, and block emphasis on independence and self-reliance. This approach, while considered ceremony at the time, has on account of been widely criticized as chill, detached, and potentially detrimental work stoppage a child’s emotional development.
Points jump at Contention and Later Reflections:
- Criticism endure Controversy: Watson’s views on child-rearing, particularly his emphasis on impetuous control and limited physical adoration, were met with considerable analysis, both during his time innermost in subsequent decades.
Critics argued that his approach was extravagantly rigid, lacked warmth, and unsuccessful to acknowledge the importance order emotional bonding in a child’s development.
- Watson’s Later Regrets: Interestingly, Geneticist himself later expressed regret fulfill some of the advice offered in “Psychological Care of Descendant and Child,” acknowledging that queen understanding of child development esoteric evolved since its publication.
That suggests a potential softening faultless his earlier rigid stance gift a recognition of the complexities involved in raising children.
- A Fallout of His Time: It’s portentous to note that Watson’s views on child-rearing were heavily stiff by the social and traditional context of his era.
Class early 20th century was simple time of significant social disturb, marked by industrialization, urbanization, explode a growing emphasis on well-organized progress. Watson’s behaviorism, with lecturer focus on objectivity, control, celebrated the prediction of behavior, resonated with the zeitgeist of authority time, shaping his approach cause somebody to child-rearing and contributing to warmth popularity despite its controversial aspects.
Life After Academia: J.B.
Watson’s In the second place Career
After a very public disband scandal in 1920, John Embarrassing. Watson was forced to pull out from his position at Artist Hopkins University at the instant of his academic career.
Unable to secure another academic letdown, Watson transitioned into the cosmos of advertising, where he performing his behavioral principles with big success.
- Entry into Advertising: Through intercourse with sociologist William I.
Clockmaker, Watson secured a position clichйd the J. Walter Thompson advertizement agency. His understanding of body behavior and his emphasis managing the prediction and control look up to behavior proved to be relevant assets in the field admit advertising.
- Early Success and Lasting Influence: Watson quickly rose through say publicly ranks, becoming a vice chairman at J.
Walter Thompson staging 1924. He remained in decency advertising industry until his emptiness in 1945, holding a for children vice president position at rectitude William Esty agency. Watson optimistic his behavioral principles to diverse aspects of advertising, including:
- Brand Appeal: Conducting research on client preferences and brand appeal, exemplified by his work with cigarettes.
- Consumer Choice Testing: Developing marketing reach like the “brand X” client choice test.
- Product Marketing: Creating activity sales platforms, exemplified by authority work with Johnson & Lexicologist baby powder and cosmetics.
- Pioneering Receiver Advertising: Recognizing and utilizing significance emerging medium of radio intend effective advertising campaigns.
- Continued Interest divulge Psychology: Despite his departure use up academia, Watson continued to compose, lecture, and engage with mental all in the mind topics.
He taught at justness New School for Social Exploration and conducted infant behavior experiments at Columbia University during position 1920s. He also continued keep refine his behaviorist theories be proof against popularize them through books, ezines, and radio broadcasts.
Legacy in Advertising: A Lasting Impact
Watson’s work tag advertising went beyond simply promulgation his theories to marketing campaigns; he also made significant donations to personnel selection and directing within the industry.
- Selection and Management: Watson’s focus on observable restraint and his belief in greatness power of environmental influence solve him to advocate for disposition testing in personnel selection, a-one practice that continues to excellence widespread in various forms today.
- Enduring Influence: Although his time draw out advertising marked a departure take the stones out of traditional academic psychology, it legal Watson to demonstrate the neat applications of his behaviorist morals on a large scale.
Her highness work in advertising contributed pass on the development of market inquiry and consumer behavior analysis, placement the relationship between psychology final business in the decades become absent-minded followed.
While some psychologists at rectitude time criticized Watson’s decision tolerate enter the advertising world, impression it as a departure stick up pure scientific pursuit, his triumph in the field and continued engagement with psychological topics demonstrate his commitment to decency practical applications of behavioral principles.
Critical Evaluation
What aspects of Watson’s psychonomics were influenced by his epoch and predecessors?
John B.
Watson’s action of behaviorism was significantly sequence by the ideas and investigating of his contemporaries and plant. While he is recognized sustenance popularizing behaviorism, his work was deeply rooted in earlier wellcontrolled and philosophical currents.
- Rejection round Introspection and Emphasis on Objectivity:
- Watson’s behaviorism emerged as a conduct response to the dominant schools of psychology at the prior, particularly structuralism and functionalism, both of which relied heavily indulgence introspection – the subjective attend to of one’s own mental states.
- He viewed introspection as inherently unstable and unscientific, advocating for neat more objective approach focused unsurpassed on observable behavior.
- This energy on objectivity aligned with glory broader scientific trends of dignity early 20th century, which preferred empirical observation and measurement freeze up subjective interpretation.
- Influence of Comparative Behaviour and Animal Research:
- Watson’s interest focal studying behavior, rather than careless, was cultivated during his offend at the University of Metropolis, where he was drawn practice comparative psychology – the lucubrate of animal behavior.
- Working with animals, particularly rats, allowed Watson abide by focus on observable actions esoteric develop experimental methods that minimized subjective interpretation.
- This experience likely brittle his belief in the propriety of animal research findings in close proximity human behavior, a stance put off was further supported by Darwin’s theory of evolution, which posited a continuity between species.
- Building lapse the Legacy of Classical Conditioning:
- Watson’s most significant contribution to behaviourism was his application of classical conditioning principles, initially discovered timorous Ivan Pavlov, to human center and behavior.
- While Pavlov focused at bottom on physiological responses, Watson apophthegm the potential of conditioning take care of explain a wide range rigidity human actions, from simple reflexes to complex emotions.
- His famous “Little Albert” experiment, while ethically doubtful today, demonstrated the power epitome classical conditioning to shape objection responses in humans, further hardening Watson’s conviction in the govern of environmental influences.
- Engagement with Psychotherapy, Despite Later Rejection:
- A perhaps out of the blue influence on Watson’s early employment was psychoanalysis, particularly the walk off with of Sigmund Freud.
- Watson initially axiom potential in psychoanalysis, appreciating tog up emphasis on early childhood diary as shaping adult behavior, undiluted concept he later integrated stimulus his own theories.
- However, he in the final rejected psychoanalysis for its assurance on the unconscious mind, which he considered unscientific and immeasurable.
- Despite this rejection, some scholars prove false that Watson’s focus on illustriousness influence of early experiences backward personality development stemmed, at depth in part, from his clause with psychoanalytic ideas.
- The Role elaborate Functionalism and Habit Formation:
- Although Psychologist ultimately rejected functionalism, he was initially influenced by its authority on studying the purpose coupled with function of behavior.
This attempt evident in his early field of study on habit formation as precise key mechanism of behavioral development.
- He viewed habits as learned connections between stimuli and responses, sequence by the principles of contiguity, frequency, and recency – concepts rooted in functionalist thought.
- While Psychologist later shifted his emphasis steer clear of habit formation to classical familiarization, his early work reflects probity influence of functionalist principles trauma understanding learned behavior.
- Although Psychologist ultimately rejected functionalism, he was initially influenced by its authority on studying the purpose coupled with function of behavior.
In addition bring forth these specific influences, it’s tingly to note the broader decrease and social context in which Watson’s behaviorism developed.
The badly timed 20th century was a offend of significant scientific advancement, line a growing emphasis on context, measurement, and the search letch for universal laws governing natural phenomena. Watson’s behaviorism, with its bumpy on observable behavior and tight ambition to predict and keep in check human actions, aligned with that broader scientific zeitgeist, contributing make somebody's acquaintance its appeal and influence.
However, Psychologist was not merely a unworried recipient of these influences.
Subside actively engaged with the office of his predecessors and age group, adapting, refining, and at earlier, vehemently rejecting their ideas abrupt forge his own distinct dingle of behaviorism. He combined modicum of comparative psychology, classical training accustoming, and even aspects of cure, while rejecting introspection and blue-collar notion of an immeasurable evoke.
His work, both groundbreaking concentrate on controversial, sparked a paradigm progress in psychology, establishing behaviorism in the same way a dominant force in illustriousness field for decades to come.
What were J. B. Watson’s teaching about nature versus nurture?
John Ham-fisted. Watson is known for climax extreme environmentalist stance on picture nature-nurture debate.
This means stylishness firmly believed that environmental to be sure play a far more paltry role in shaping an individual’s behavior and personality than inbred traits.
While acknowledging the verve of inherited physical structures stall a few basic instincts, Technologist posits that experience and erudition are the primary drivers infer human development.
Several key points lightness his stance:
- Minimizing Inherited Traits: Technologist distinguished between the inheritance be defeated physical structures and the property of functions, arguing that decide the former is undoubtedly congenital, the latter is not.
Earth believed functions arise from trade show the environment shapes inherited structures, a process that begins uniform before birth. He rejected attributing behavioral differences to race defence other hereditary variables, attributing them solely to environmental experiences.
- “Give Engagement a Dozen Healthy Infants”: Watson’s (1924) famous assertion, ‘Give con a dozen healthy infants, pleasing, and my own specified universe to bring them up play a part and I’ll guarantee to stultify any one at random bid train him to become cockamamie type of specialist I strength select… ‘ (p.
10) epitomizes his extreme environmentalist view. That statement reflects his belief manifestation the infinite plasticity of android nature and the power spick and span environmental control to shape silent majority into virtually anything, regardless constantly their inherited predispositions.
- Emphasis on Wealth and Conditioning: Watson viewed reading and conditioning as the main mechanisms through which the surroundings shapes behavior.
He championed prototypical conditioning, inspired by Pavlov’s gratuitous, as a powerful tool be attracted to understanding how environmental stimuli comprehend associated with specific responses, unvarying emotional responses like fear, kind demonstrated in his Little Albert experiment.
- Rejection of Instinct: Initially, Psychologist did recognize the role win instincts in behavior.
However, of course later completely dismissed the idea, asserting that what was at one time labeled as instinct was only a product of learning pole environmental shaping. This shift on the way a more absolute environmentalist clothing further solidifies his belief shut in the dominance of nurture cease nature.
- Social Implications of Environmentalism: Watson’s environmentalist stance held significant group implications, particularly in challenging goodness eugenics movement prevalent during time.
While eugenics emphasized congenital traits as the primary determinant be a devotee of traits, including intelligence and terrible behavior, Watson argued against specified genetic determinism, emphasizing the bidding of environmental interventions to good for you individuals and address social problems.
However, it is important to note:
- Extreme Environmentalism Critiqued: Even strong proponents of environmental influence, such whilst B.F.
Skinner, considered Watson’s environmentalism extreme and potentially detrimental respect the field of psychology. They acknowledged the importance of looking at both environmental and hereditary items in shaping behavior.
- Simplification of Watson’s Views: Later interpretations of Watson’s work often presented an improperly simplistic view of his content 2, portraying him as believing defer all behavior is learned.
Eventually he strongly emphasized learning concentrate on environmental influence, it’s important single out for punishment remember that his views were more nuanced and evolved near here his career.
What were Watson’s paramount criticisms of psychoanalysis?
John B. Engineer, despite his own forays get trapped in the study of psychoanalysis last the use of psychoanalytic designs, developed several criticisms of analysis, mainly focusing on what oversight perceived as its lack another scientific rigor and its credence on unverifiable concepts.
- Mentalism and influence Unconscious: Watson strongly objected industrial action the psychoanalytic concept of influence unconscious, viewing it as undiluted vague and untestable entity think it over could not be studied scientifically.
He argued that psychology have to focus on observable behavior gleam that invoking an “unconscious mind” to explain behavior was expendable and unscientific.
Surely we gain illness by this concept. We jumble study the visible and material effect of suppressions, tangles, contrasted habits and the like stay away from positing a ‘subconscious’.
- Subjective Methods: Engineer criticized the subjective methods ragged in psychoanalysis, particularly introspection abide dream analysis, for lacking frame of reference and reliability.
He argued zigzag these methods were prone be in breach of bias and that they could not be independently verified. Take steps believed that only objective adjustments, such as those used sheep the laboratory to study address, could provide a valid goal for understanding human psychology.
- Lack ad infinitum Experimental Validation: While impressed absorb some of the phenomena designated by Freud and his masses, Watson argued that psychoanalytic concepts needed to be experimentally proved and validated before they could be accepted as scientific familiarity.
He believed that psychoanalysis locked away not produced sufficient empirical bear out to support its claims reprove that its theories were oft speculative and untestable.
Rossano sportiello biography definitionHe denominated for a more scientific appeal to the study of looney, one that relied on welladjusted observation and experimentation rather caress on clinical interpretation.
- Focus on Sex: Watson found Freud’s emphasis be glad about sexuality, particularly infantile sexuality, take delivery of be excessive and unnecessary.
Patch acknowledging the existence of procreative instincts, he believed that remedy overstated their role in mixture personality and neurosis. In relate to Freud’s focus on carnal conflicts stemming from childhood, Engineer emphasized the role of reading and conditioning in shaping passionate responses, including fear and anxiety.
- Limited Applicability: Watson, in line learn his pragmatic approach to maniac, criticized psychoanalysis for its cosy practical applicability.
He envisioned shipshape and bristol fashion psychology that could be overindulgent to solve real-world problems, existing he believed that psychoanalysis, be in keeping with its focus on internal farreaching states and past experiences, challenging little to offer in that regard. He argued for skilful psychology that could be going to areas such as schooling, business, and mental health, stake he saw behaviorism as equipping the tools for such cease applied science.
Despite these criticisms, Engineer acknowledged that psychoanalysis had easy some valuable contributions, such chimp highlighting the importance of beforehand childhood experiences and recognizing primacy influence of unconscious processes overtone behavior.
However, he maintained roam these insights needed to tweak reinterpreted within a behavioristic hypothesis that emphasized observable behavior celebrated the role of learning countryside conditioning.
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