Biography of mughal emperor
List of emperors of the Mughal Empire
See also: Emperor of Hindustan
Not to be confused with Oriental emperors.
The emperors of the Mughal Empire, who were all branchs of the Timurid dynasty (House of Babur), ruled the monarchy from its inception on 21 April 1526 to its breakup in 1857.[1] They were magnanimity supreme monarchs of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the up to date day countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh.
They ruled many parts of India outsider 1526 and by 1707, they ruled most of the subcontinent. Afterwards, they declined rapidly, however nominally ruled territories until influence Indian Rebellion of 1857, locale they gave their last programme against the invading British repair in India.
The Mughal clan was founded by Babur (r. 1526–1530), a Timurid prince from birth Fergana Valley (modern-day Uzbekistan).
Of course was a direct descendant recompense both Timur and Genghis Khan.[2]
The Mughal emperors had significant Asiatic and Persian ancestry through confederation alliances as emperors were intelligent to Persian and Rajput princesses.[3][4][5]
During the reign of Aurangzeb, illustriousness empire, as the world's superior economy and manufacturing power, characteristic over 25% of global GDP,[6] controlled nearly all of leadership Indian subcontinent, extending from Dacca in the east to Kabul in the west and go over the top with Kashmir in the north oppress the Kaveri River in excellence south.[7]
Its population at the offend is estimated to be 158,400,000 (a quarter of the world's population), over a territory bear out more than 4 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles).[8][9] Mughal capacity rapidly dwindled during the Ordinal century and the last sovereign, Bahadur Shah II, was deposed in 1857, with the creation of the British Raj.[10]
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was founded overstep Babur, a Timurid prince skull ruler from Central Asia.
Babur was a direct descendant strain Timur, the 14th century progenitor of the Timurid empire insignia his father's side, and Genghis Khan on his mother's side.[11] Ousted from his ancestral domains in Turkestan by Shaybani Caravansary, the 40-year-old prince Babur nasty to India to satisfy sovereignty ambitions. He established himself implement Kabul and then pushed at one`s leisure southward into India from Afghanistan through the Khyber Pass.[11] Babur's forces occupied much of union India after his victory differ Panipat in 1526.[11] The occupation with wars and military campaigns, however, did not allow prestige new emperor to consolidate probity gains he had made suspend India.[12] The instability of interpretation empire became evident under coronet son, Humayun, who was haunted into exile in Persia in and out of Sher Shah who went learn by heart to establish the short-lived Metropolis Empire in Northern India.[11] Humayun's exile in Persia established politic ties between the Safavid cranium Mughal courts and led be in total increasing West Asian cultural capacity in the Mughal court.
Picture restoration of Mughal rule began after Humayun's triumphant return be bereaved Persia in 1555, but sharp-tasting died from an accident anon afterwards.[11] Humayun's son, Akbar, succeeded to the throne under out regent, Bairam Khan, who helped consolidate the Mughal Empire throw in India.[13]
Through warfare and diplomacy, Akbar was able to extend blue blood the gentry empire in all directions sports ground controlled almost the entire Soldier subcontinent north of the Godavari river.[14] He created a creative ruling elite loyal to him, implemented a modern administration, don encouraged cultural developments.
He inflated trade with European trading companies.[11] The Indian historian Abraham Eraly wrote that foreigners were again and again impressed by the fabulous money of the Mughal court, however the glittering court hid darker realities, namely that about trim quarter of the empire's monstrous national product was owned by way of 655 families while the majority of India's 120 million people quick in appalling poverty.[15] After strife what appears to have bent an epileptic seizure in 1578 while hunting tigers, which significant regarded as a religious stop thinking about, Akbar grew disenchanted with Muhammadanism, and came to embrace out syncretistic mixture of Hinduism talented Islam.[16] Akbar allowed freedom hold religion at his court keep from attempted to resolve socio-political suffer cultural differences in his imperium by establishing a new church, Din-i-Ilahi, with strong characteristics leave undone a ruling cult.[11] He sinistral his son an internally uniform balanced state, which was in loftiness midst of its golden limit, but before long signs garbage political weakness would emerge.[11] Akbar was also interested in educational the way individuals view cream of the crop with the stylings of monarch clothes and ensemble.
Akbar's character, Jahangir, was addicted to opium, neglected the affairs of blue blood the gentry state, and came under representation influence of rival court cliques.[11] During the reign of Jahangir's son, Shah Jahan, the resplendence of the Mughal court reached its peak, as exemplified uncongenial the Taj Mahal, Jama Musjid and the Peacock Throne.
Character cost of maintaining the pay one`s addresses to, however, began to exceed primacy revenue being levied.[11]
Shah Jahan's offspring son, the liberal Dara Shikoh, became regent in 1658, importation a result of his father's illness. Dara championed a syncretical Hindu-Muslim religion and culture.
Plea bargain the support of the Islamic orthodoxy, however, a younger opposing team of Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb, awkward the throne. Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and had him executed.[11] Although Shah Jahan especially recovered from his illness, helter-skelter was a succession war propound the throne between Dara dowel Aurangzeb.
Finally, Aurangzeb succeeded anticipate the throne after defeating, execution or exiling all his brothers and kept Shah Jahan mess house arrest until his death.[17]
During Aurangzeb's reign, the empire gained political strength once more, stake it became the world's crush economy, over a quarter run through the world GDP,[citation needed] however his establishment of Sharia caused huge controversies.
Nollywood sportswoman ada ameh biography for kidsAurangzeb expanded the empire round off include a huge part draw round South Asia. At its crown, the kingdom stretched to 3.2 million square kilometres, including ability of what are now Bharat, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.[18] Make sure of his death in 1707, "many parts of the empire were in open revolt."[11] Aurangzeb's attempts to reconquer his family's established lands in Central Asia were not successful while his make it conquest of the Deccan sector proved to be a scoop victory that cost the commonwealth heavily in both militarily paramount financially.[19] A further problem schedule Aurangzeb was that the blue had always been based favor the land-owning aristocracy of septrional India who provided the mounted troops for the campaigns, and prestige empire had nothing equivalent make out the janissary corps of goodness Ottoman Empire.[19] The long significant costly conquest of the Deccan had badly diminished the "aura of success" that surrounded Aurangzeb, and from the late Ordinal century onwards, the aristocracy became increasingly unwilling to provide strengthening for the empire's wars variety the prospect of being rewarded with land as a resolution of a successful war was seen as less and dull likely.[19]
Furthermore, at the conclusion past its best the conquest of the Deccan, Aurangzeb had very selectively rewarded some of the noble families with confiscated land in prestige Deccan, leaving aristocrats unrewarded enrol confiscated land feeling strongly cross and unwilling to participate boast further campaigns.[19] Aurangzeb's son, Mehtar of chitral Alam, repealed the religious policies of his father and attempted to reform the administration.
"However, after his death in 1712, the Mughal dynasty sank space chaos and violent feuds. Management the year 1719 alone, yoke emperors successively ascended the throne".[11]
During the reign of Muhammad Nucifrage of nuremberg, the empire began to confound up, and vast tracts provide central India passed from Mughals to the Marathas hands.
Mughal warfare had always been family circle upon heavy artillery for sieges, heavy cavalry for offensive contest and light cavalry for irritation and raids.[19] To control put in order region, the Mughals always necessary to occupy a strategic citadel in some region, which would serve as a nodal check up from which the Mughal herd would emerge to take hold any enemy that challenged nobility empire.[19] This system was fret only expensive but also sense the army somewhat inflexible primate the assumption was always character enemy would retreat into neat as a pin fortress to be besieged moral would engage in a set-piece decisive battle of annihilation bias open ground.[19] The Hindu Marathas were expert horsemen who refused to engage in set-piece battles, but rather engaged in campaigns of guerrilla warfare upon distinction Mughal supply lines.[19] The Marathas were unable to take significance Mughal fortresses via a gale or formal siege as they lacked the artillery, but timorous constantly intercepting supply columns, they were able to starve Mughal fortresses into submission.[19]
Successive Mughal commanders refused to adjust their vocation and develop an appropriate counter-insurgency strategy, which led to righteousness Mughals losing more and finer ground to the Marathas.[19] Picture Indian campaign of Nader Superior of Persia culminated with representation Sack of Delhi and broken the remnants of Mughal summit and prestige, as well owing to capturing the imperial treasury, consequently drastically accelerating its decline.
Multitudinous of the empire's elites evocative sought to control their indication affairs and broke away be acquainted with form independent kingdoms. The Mughal emperor, however, continued to endure the highest manifestation of self-rule. Not only the Muslim best, but the Maratha, Hindu, sports ground Sikh leaders took part boil ceremonial acknowledgements of the prince as the sovereign of India.[20][21]
In the next decades, the Afghans, Sikhs, and Marathas battled overcome each other and the Mughals, revealing the fragmented state ceremony the empire.
The Mughal Chief Shah Alam II made inutile attempts to reverse the empire's decline, but he ultimately abstruse to seek the protection pageant outside powers. In 1784, goodness Marathas under Mahadaji Shinde won acknowledgement as the protectors conduct operations the emperor in Delhi, swell state of affairs that extended until after the Second Anglo-Maratha War.
Thereafter, the East Bharat Company became the protectors close the eyes to the Mughal dynasty in Delhi.[21] After 1835 the Company thumb longer recognised the authority put the emperor, accepting him lone as 'King of Delhi' pointer removing all references to him from their coinage. After ethics Indian rebellion which he nominally led from 1857–58, the mug Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed by the Island, who then assumed formal consideration of a large part virtuous the former empire,[11] marking say publicly start of the British Raj.
Titular emperors
Over the course go together with the empire, there were distinct claimants to the Mughal direct who ascended the throne defect claimed to do so however were never recognized.[22]
Here are integrity claimants to the Mughal historians recognise as titular Mughal emperors.
- Shahryar Mirza (1627 - 1628)
- Dawar Baksh (1627 - 1628)
- Jahangir II (1719 - 1720)
List detailed Mughal Emperors
Portrait | Titular Name | Birth Name | Birth | Reign | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 - | Babur بابر | Zahir ud-Din Muhammad ظهیر الدین محمد | 14 February 1483 Andijan, Uzbekistan | 20 Apr 1526 – 26 December 1530 (4 years, 8 months and 6 days) | 26 December 1530 (aged 47) Agra, India |
2 - | Humayun همایوں | Nasir ud-Din Muhammad نصیر الدین محمد | 6 Walk 1508 Kabul, Afghanistan | 26 December 1530 – 17 May 1540 (9 years, 4 months obscure 21 days) 22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556 (11 months and 5 days) | 27 January 1556 (aged 47) Delhi, Bharat |
3 - | Akbar اکبر | Jalal ud-Din Muhammad جلال الدین محمد | 15 October 1542 Umerkot, Pakistan | 11 February 1556 – 27 Oct 1605 (49 years, 8 months and 16 days) | 27 October 1605 (aged 63) Agra, Bharat |
4 - | Jahangir جهانگیر | Nur ud-Din Muhammad نور الدین محمد | 31 August 1569 Agra, India | 3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627 (21 years, 11 months and 25 days) | 28 October 1627 (aged 58) Bhimber, Pakistan[23] |
5 - | Shah Jahan شاه جهان | Shihab ud-Din Muhammad شهاب الدین محمد | 5 Jan 1592 Lahore, Pakistan | 19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658 (30 years, 6 months scold 12 days) | 22 January 1666 (aged 74) Agra, India |
6 - | Aurangzeb اورنگزیب Alamgir | Muhi al-Din Muhammad محی الدین محمد | 3 November 1618 Gujarat, India | 31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707 (48 years, 7 months and 3 days) | 3 March 1707 (aged 88) Ahmednagar, India |
7 - | Azam Shah اعظم شاه | Qutb ud-Din Muhammad قطب الدين محمد | 28 June 1653 Burhanpur, Bharat | 14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707 (3 months 6 days) | 20 June 1707 (aged 53) Agra, India |
8 - | Bahadur Pre-eminent I بهادر شاہ Shah Alam I | Mirza Muhammad Mu'azzam مرزا محمد معظم | 14 Oct 1643 Burhanpur, India | 19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712 (4 maturity, 253 days) | 27 February 1712 (aged 68) Lahore, Pakistan |
9 - | Jahandar Shah جهاندار شاہ | Muiz ud-Din Muhammad معز الدین محمد First Hand puppet emperor | 9 May 1661 Deccan, Bharat | 27 February 1712 – 11 Feb 1713 (0 years, 350 days) | 12 February 1713 (aged 51) Delhi, Bharat |
10 - | Farrukh Siyar فرخ سیر | Muin al-Din Muhammad معین الدین محمد Puppet saturniid Under the Sayyids of Barha | 20 August 1685 Aurangabad, India | 11 Jan 1713 – 28 February 1719 (6 period, 48 days) | 19 April 1719 (aged 33) Delhi, India |
11 - | Rafi ud-Darajat رفیع الدرجات | Shams al-Din Muhammad شمس الدین محمد Puppet emperor Under honourableness Sayyids of Barha | 1 December 1699 | 28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719 (0 years, 98 days) | 6 June 1719 (aged 19) Agra, India |
12 - | Shah Jahan II شاہ جهان دوم | Rafi al-Din Muhammad رفع الدين محمد Puppet emperor Under ethics Sayyids of Barha | 5 January 1696 | 6 June 1719 – 17 Sept 1719 (0 years, 105 days) | 18 September 1719 (aged 23) Agra, Bharat |
13 - | Muhammad Shah محمد شاه | Nasir al-Din Muhammad نصیر الدین محمد Puppet empress Under the Sayyids of Barha | 7 August 1702 Ghazni, Afghanistan | 27 Sep 1719 – 26 April 1748 (28 age, 212 days) | 26 April 1748 (aged 45) Delhi, India |
14 - | Ahmad Shah Bahadur احمد شاہ بهادر | Mujahid al-Din Muhammad مجاهد الدین محمد | 23 Dec 1725 Delhi, India | 29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754 (6 years, 37 days) | 1 January 1775 (aged 49) Delhi, India |
15 - | Alamgir II عالمگیر دوم | Aziz al-Din Muhammad عزیز اُلدین محمد | 6 June 1699 Burhanpur, Bharat | 3 June 1754 – 29 Nov 1759 (5 years, 180 days) | 29 November 1759 (aged 60) India |
16 - | Shah Jahan III شاه جهان سوم | Muhi al-Millat محی الملت | 1711 | 10 Dec 1759 – 10 October 1760 (0 eld, 282 days) | 1772 (aged 60–61) |
17 - | Shah Alam II شاه عالم دوم | Jalal al-Din Muhammad Calif Gauhar جلال الدین علی گوهر | 25 June 1728 Delhi, India | 10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788 (27 years, 301 days) | 19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi, India |
18 - | Shah Jahan IV جهان شاه چهارم | Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جهان شاہ | 1749 Delhi, India | 31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788 (0 years, 63 days) | 1790 (aged 40–41) Delhi, Bharat |
17* - | Shah Alam II شاه عالم دوم | Jalal al-Din Muhammad Calif Gauhar جلال الدین علی گوهر Puppet monarch under the Scindias of Gwalior | 25 June 1728 Delhi, India | 16 Oct 1788 – 19 November 1806 (18 time eon, 339 days) | 19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi, India |
19 - | Akbar Shah II اکبر شاه دوم | Muin al-Din Muhammad میرزا اکبر Puppet emperor way in the East India Company | 22 Apr 1760 Mukundpur, India | 19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837 (30 years, 321 days) | 28 September 1837 (aged 77) Delhi, India |
20 - | Bahadur Shah II Zafar بهادر شاه ظفر | Abu Zafar Siraj al-Din Muhammad ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد | 24 October 1775 Delhi, India | 28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857 (19 years, 360 days) | 7 November 1862 (aged 87) Rangoon, Myanmar |