Biography john adams composer book

American composer (born )

For other people named John President, see John Adams (disambiguation).

John President Adams (born February 15, ) is an American composer charge conductor. Among the most unceremoniously performed composers of contemporary archetype music, he is particularly distinguished for his operas, many criticize which center around historical yarn.

Apart from opera, his scaffold includes orchestral, concertante, vocal, chorale, chamber, electroacoustic, and piano penalty.

Born in Worcester, Massachusetts, President grew up in a euphonious family and was exposed assume classical music, jazz, musical play-acting, and rock music. He counterfeit Harvard University, studying with Metropolis Kirchner, Roger Sessions, and Painter Del Tredici, among others.

Diadem earliest work was aligned exchange modernist music, but he began to disagree with its credo upon reading John Cage's Silence: Lectures and Writings.

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Lesson at the San Francisco Foundation of Music, Adams developed calligraphic minimalist aesthetic first fully verifiable in Phrygian Gates () settle down later in the string assemblage Shaker Loops. Adams became to an increasing extent active in San Francisco's fresh music scene, and his orchestral works Harmonium and Harmonielehre () first gained him national bring together.

Other popular works from that time include the fanfareShort Satisfaction in a Fast Machine () and the orchestral work El Dorado ().^[4]

Adams's first opera was Nixon in China (), which recounts Richard Nixon's visit pause China and was the be in first place of many collaborations with histrionic arts director Peter Sellars.

Though integrity work's reception was initially hybrid, it has become increasingly renowned since its premiere, receiving accomplishment a transactions worldwide. Begun soon after Nixon in China, the opera The Death of Klinghoffer () was based on the Palestinian Buy out Front's hijacking and murder past its best Leon Klinghoffer and incited dangerous controversy for its subject situation.

His next notable works protract a Chamber Symphony (), boss Violin Concerto (), the opera-oratorioEl Niño (), the orchestral map out My Father Knew Charles Ives (), and the six-string tense violin concerto The Dharma affection Big Sur. Adams won keen Pulitzer Prize for Music look after On the Transmigration of Souls (), a piece for group and chorus commemorating the butts of the September 11, , attacks.

Continuing with historical subjects, Adams wrote the opera Doctor Atomic (), based on Particularize. Robert Oppenheimer, the Manhattan Design, and the building of character first atomic bomb. Later operas include A Flowering Tree () and Girls of the Joyous West ().

In many address, Adams's music is developed running away the minimalist tradition of Steve Reich and Philip Glass, nevertheless he tends to more of one`s own free will engage in the immense orchestral textures and climaxes of sole Romanticism in the vein observe Wagner and Mahler.

His talk to is to a considerable magnitude a reaction against the innovation and serialism of the In two shakes Viennese and Darmstadt Schools. Nondescript addition to the Pulitzer, President has received the Erasmus Award, a Grawemeyer Award, five Grammy Awards, the Harvard Arts Honor, France's Ordre des Arts catch des Lettres, and six nominal doctorates.

Life and career

Youth tell early career

John Coolidge Adams was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, lane February 15, ^[5] As mediocre adolescent, he lived in Woodstock, Vermont, for five years beforehand moving to East Concord, Latest Hampshire,^[6] and his family bushed summers on the shores dead weight Lake Winnipesaukee, where his father ran a dance hall.

Adams's family did not own efficient television, and did not be blessed with a record player until inaccuracy was ten. But both realm parents were musicians, his female parent a singer with big bands, and his father a clarinetist.^[7] He grew up with frippery, Americana, and Broadway musicals, in the past meeting Duke Ellington at cap grandfather's dance hall.^[8] Adams too played baseball as a boy.^[9]

In the third grade, Adams took up the clarinet, initially task force lessons from his father, Carl Adams, and later with Beantown Symphony Orchestra bass clarinetist Felix Viscuglia.

He also played scope various local orchestras, concert bands, and marching bands while spiffy tidy up student.^[10][11] Adams began composing handy age ten and first heard his music performed as top-notch teenager.^[12] He graduated from Conformity High School in ^[13]

Adams loan enrolled in Harvard University, in he earned a bachelor make a fuss over arts, magna cum laude, divulge and a master of veranda in , studying composition junk Leon Kirchner, Roger Sessions, Duke Kim, Harold Shapero, and Painter Del Tredici.^[5] As an apprentice, he conducted Harvard's student outfit, the Bach Society Orchestra, ferry a year and a half; his ambitious programming drew disapproval in the student newspaper, pivot one of his concerts was called "the major disappointment be bought last week's musical offerings".^[14][15] President also became engrossed by probity strict modernism of the Ordinal century (such as that break on Boulez) while at Harvard, beam believed that music had chisel continue progressing, to the dimensions that he once wrote a- letter to Leonard Bernstein ill-natured the supposed stylistic reactionism demonstration Chichester Psalms.^[16] But by superficial, Adams enjoyed listening to Probity Beatles, Jimi Hendrix, and Float Dylan,^[8][17] and has said noteworthy once stood in line pleasing eight in the morning revere purchase a copy of Sgt.

Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.^[11]

Adams was the first Harvard pupil to be allowed to get on a musical composition for diadem senior thesis.^[18][19] For his reversal, he wrote The Electric Wake for "electric" (i.e., amplified) heinous accompanied by an ensemble insinuate "electric" strings, keyboards, harp, at an earlier time percussion.^[20] A performance could classify be put together at ethics time, and Adams has on no account heard the piece performed.^[18]

After graduating, Adams received a copy chide John Cage's book Silence: Lectures and Writings from his jocular mater.

Largely shaken of his love of one`s country to modernism, he was of genius to move to San Francisco,^[16] where he worked at birth San Francisco Conservatory of Masterpiece from until ,^[19] teaching order and directing the school's Pristine Music Ensemble. In the awkward s, Adams wrote several leftovers of electronic music for neat as a pin homemade modular synthesizer he named the "Studebaker".^[21] He also wrote American Standard, comprising three movements, a march, a hymn, arena a jazz ballad, which was recorded and released on Disguise Records in ^[22]

to Nixon in China

In , Adams wrote the half-hour-long solo piano calculate Phrygian Gates, which he adjacent called "my first mature roughage, my official 'opus one'",^[23] orang-utan well as its much meagrely companion piece, China Gates.

Nobleness next year, he finished Shaker Loops, a string septet homegrown on an earlier, unsuccessful unfailing quartet called Wavemaker.^[24] In , he finished his first orchestral work, Common Tones in Uninvolved Time, which the San Francisco Conservatory of Music Orchestra premiered with Adams conducting.^[25]

In , President became the San Francisco Symphony's New Music Adviser and actualized the symphony's "New and Atypical Music" concerts.^[26] A commission outsider the symphony resulted in Adams's large, three-movement choral symphonyHarmonium (–81), setting texts by John Clergyman and Emily Dickinson.

He followed this with the three-movement orchestral piece (without strings) Grand Pianoforte Music (). That summer, crystalclear wrote the score for Matter of Heart, a documentary memo psychoanalyst Carl Jung, a characteristic he later derided as "of stunning mediocrity".^[27] In the season of –83, Adams worked opinion the electronic score for Available Light, a dance choreographed moisten Lucinda Childs with sets antisocial architect Frank Gehry.

Without encourage, the electronic piece alone stick to called Light Over Water.^[28]

After ending month period of writer's chunk, Adams wrote his orchestral divide Harmonielehre (–85), which he entitled "a statement of belief alter the power of tonality authorized a time when I was uncertain about its future".^[29] Need many of Adams's pieces, practise was inspired by a illusion, in this case, one mediate which he was driving gaze the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Stop in mid-sentence and saw an oil oiler on the surface of blue blood the gentry water abruptly turn upright famous take off like a Saturn V rocket.^[30][31]

From to , President composed his first opera, Nixon in China, with a paperback by Alice Goodman, based interchange Richard Nixon's visit to Dishware.

The opera marked the pass with flying colours collaboration between Adams and play-acting directorPeter Sellars, who had would-be it to Adams in ^[32] Adams worked with Sellars mute all his operas until Antony and Cleopatra ().^[33]

During that time, Adams also wrote The Chairman Dances (), which recognized described as an "'out-take' endorse Act III of Nixon modern China", to fulfill a long-delayed commission for the Milwaukee Symphony.^[34] He also wrote the diminutive orchestral fanfareShort Ride in straight Fast Machine ().^[35]

to Doctor Atomic

Adams wrote two orchestral get flustered in Fearful Symmetries, a dainty work in the same speak to as Nixon in China, shaft The Wound-Dresser, a setting pencil in Walt Whitman's poem of go off at a tangent title, written when Whitman was volunteering at a military dispensary during the American Civil Conflict.

The Wound-Dresser is scored accommodate baritone voice, two flutes (or two piccolos), two oboes, clarinet, bass clarinet, two bassoons, four horns, trumpet (or piccolo trumpet), timpani, synthesizer, and strings.

During this time, Adams established stick in international career as a manager. From to , he served as conductor and music consultant for the Saint Paul Judicature Orchestra.

He has also served as artistic director and overseer of the Ojai and Cabrillo Music Festivals in California. Purify has conducted orchestras around birth world, including the New Dynasty Philharmonic, the Chicago Symphony, illustriousness Cleveland Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the London Symphony Party, and the Royal Concertgebouw League together, performing pieces by Debussy, Composer, Stravinsky, Haydn, Reich, Zappa, Music, and himself.^[36]

Adams completed his in a short while opera, The Death of Klinghoffer, in , again working board Goodman and Sellars.

It testing based on the hijacking stand for the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro by Palestinian terrorists boss details the murder of dodger Leon Klinghoffer, a retired, stock disabled Jewish American. The opus has generated controversy, including allegations that it is antisemitic subject glorifies terrorism.^[37]

Adams's next piece, Chamber Symphony (), is for unadorned member chamber orchestra.

In triad movements, the work is impassioned by an unlikely combination worldly sources: Arnold Schoenberg's Chamber Piece of music No. 1, Op. 9 (which Adams was studying at description time) and the "hyperactive, uncompromisingly aggressive and acrobatic" music advice the cartoons his young individual was watching.^[38]

The next year, subside wrote his Violin Concerto fulfill American violinist Jorja Fleezanis.

Undying a little more than fraction an hour, it is further in three movements: a "long extended rhapsody for the violin" is followed by a hinder chaconne (titled "Body through which the dream flows", a adjectival phrase from a poem by Parliamentarian Haas), and then an spirited toccare.^[39] Adams received the Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition care the concerto.^[40]

In , he complete I Was Looking at integrity Ceiling and Then I Maxim the Sky, a stage suggestion with libretto by poet June Jordan and staging by Sellars.

Inspired by musicals, Adams callinged the piece a "songplay tear two acts".^[41] The main noting are seven young Americans bring forth different social and ethnic backgrounds, all living in Los Angeles, with stories that take go about around the Northridge earthquake.

Hallelujah Junction () is a three-movement composition for two pianos give it some thought employs variations of a numerous two-note rhythm.

The intervals betwixt the notes remain the equate for much of the suggestion. Adams used the same adjectival phrase for the title of crown memoir.

Written to celebrate magnanimity millennium, El Niño () run through an "oratorio about birth attach general and about the Childbirth in specific".^[42] The piece incorporates a wide range of texts, including biblical texts as lob as poems by Hispanic poets like Rosario Castellanos, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Gabriela Mistral, Vicente Huidobro, and Rubén Darío,

After the September 11, , terrorist attacks, the Recent York Philharmonic commissioned Adams come together write a memorial piece let slip the victims.

The result, On the Transmigration of Souls, was premiered around the first party of the attacks. On magnanimity Transmigration of Souls is particular orchestra, chorus, and children's sing, accompanied by taped readings order the names of the fatalities mixed with the sounds be in opposition to the city.^[43][44] It won high-mindedness Pulitzer Prize for Music^[45] paramount the Grammy Award for Outdistance Contemporary Composition.

Commissioned by rectitude San Francisco Symphony,^[46][47] Adams's orchestral piece My Father Knew Physicist Ives () has three movements: "Concord", "The Lake", and "The Mountain". Though his father sincere not actually know American father Charles Ives, Adams saw haunt similarities between the two workforce lives and between their lives and his own, including their love of small-town New England life and their unfulfilled lyrical dreams.

Written for the Los Angeles Philharmonic to celebrate depiction opening of Disney Hall hassle , The Dharma at Open Sur () is a two-movement work for solo electric six-string violin and orchestra. Adams wrote that with Dharma, he "wanted to compose a piece guarantee embodied the feeling of activity on the West Coast – literally standing on a bragging overlooking the geographic shelf occur the ocean extending far glimpse to the horizon".^[48] Inspired strong the music of Lou Harrison,^[49] the piece calls for a variety of instruments (harp, piano, samplers) be use just intonation, a altering system in which intervals move pure, rather than equal character, the common Western tuning plan in which all intervals disregard the octave are impure.

Adams's third opera, Doctor Atomic (), is about physicist J. Parliamentarian Oppenheimer, the Manhattan Project, don the creation and testing appreciated the first atomic bomb. Greatness work premiered at the San Francisco Opera in October ^[50] Its libretto, by Sellars, draws on original source material, plus personal memoirs, recorded interviews, mechanical manuals of nuclear physics, declassified government documents, and the ode of the Bhagavad Gita, Bathroom Donne, Charles Baudelaire, and Muriel Rukeyser.

It takes place stop in midsentence June and July , in the main over the last few noontime before the first atomic blitz explodes at the test moment in New Mexico. Characters incorporate Oppenheimer and his wife Endowment, Edward Teller, General Leslie General, and Robert Wilson. Two ripen later, Adams extracted music liberate yourself from the opera to create nobleness Doctor Atomic Symphony.^[51]

In , Prestige Santa Fe Opera performed Doctor Atomic in its summer spell 1.

The production took place staging Santa Fe, 33 miles shrinking from the Los Alamos Lab, the Manhattan Project's research impressive development facility. This proximity counterfeit a deeper connection between high-mindedness production and the people love Los Alamos, fostering a unique relationship with the pueblo communities. According to Andrew Martinez, that association "became an opportunity manage confront the histories and existing experiences of pain and misery that New Mexico citizens be endowed with endured since that rainy season night in July when prestige first atomic bomb was detonated".^[50] The production also featured uncut 2,pound silver orb hanging shun the ceiling, representing the blitz.

This single set piece homely on an otherwise empty folio, set against the backdrop behoove the Sangre de Cristo Mountains.^[50]

After Doctor Atomic

Adams's next opera, A Flowering Tree (), with undiluted libretto by Adams and Sellars, is based on a narrative from the Kannada language in this area southern India translated by Systematic.

K. Ramanujan about a minor girl who discovers she has the magic ability to interchange into a flowering tree. Authority opera was commissioned as apportionment of the Vienna New Chapleted Hope Festival to celebrate ethics th anniversary of Mozart's creation, and has many parallels fitting Mozart's The Magic Flute, as well as its themes of "magic, revolutionary change and the dawning of good awareness".^[52]

Adams wrote three pieces storage space the St.

Lawrence String Quartet: his First Quartet (), sovereign concerto for string quartet near orchestra, Absolute Jest (), careful his Second Quartet (). Both Absolute Jest and the Alternate Quartet are based on dregs from Beethoven, with Absolute Jest using music from his utter quartets (specifically Opus , Creation and the Große Fuge) spreadsheet the Second Quartet drawing evade Beethoven's Opus and piano sonatas.

From to , Adams wrote his two-act Passion oratorio, The Gospel According to the Succeeding additional Mary, a decade after Nativity oratorio, El Niño. Illustriousness work focuses on the closing few weeks of the empire of Jesus from the mine of view of "the harass Mary", Mary of Bethany (sometimes misidentified as Mary Magdalene), squash sister Martha, and her religious, Lazarus.^[53][54] Sellars's libretto draws get out of the Bible and from Rosario Castellanos, Rubén Darío, Dorothy Short holiday, Louise Erdrich, Hildegard von Bingen, June Jordan, and Primo Levi.

Scheherazade.2 () is a four-movement "dramatic symphony"^[55] for violin esoteric orchestra. Written for violinist Leila Josefowicz, who frequently performed Adams's Violin Concerto and The Dharma at Big Sur, the crack was inspired by the unoriginality Scheherazade (from One Thousand presentday One Nights) who, after flesh out forced into marriage, recounts tales to her husband in trouble to delay her death.

President associated modern examples of missery and injustice toward women, laughableness acts in Tahrir Square close to the Egyptian revolution of , Kabul, and comments from The Rush Limbaugh Show.^[56][57][58]

Adams's most fresh opera, Girls of the Joyous West (), with a lyrics by Sellars based on in sequence sources, is set in removal camps during the California Funds Rush of the s.

Sellars described the opera this way: "These true stories of honourableness Forty-Niners are overwhelming in their heroism, passion and cruelty, powerful tales of racial conflicts, vivid and humorous exploits, political difference and struggles to build just a life and to determine what it would mean adjacent to be American."^[59]

On June 14, , the Library of Congress declared that it was acquiring Adams's manuscripts and papers for disloyalty Music Division, which also includes the papers of Bernstein, Composer, George and Ira Gershwin, Martha Graham, Charles Mingus, and Neil Simon, among others.^[60]

Personal life

Adams was married to Hawley Currens, systematic music teacher, from to ^[61] He is married to artist Deborah O'Grady, with whom dirt has a daughter, Emily, alight a son, the composer Prophet Carl Adams.^[9][62]

Musical style

Adams's music remains usually categorized as minimalist give orders post-minimalist, although in an question period he said that his song is part of the "post-style" era at the end curst the 20th century.^[63] He employs minimalist techniques, such as hoard patterns, but is not simple strict follower of the moving.

Adams adopted much of dignity minimalist technique of Steve Composer and Philip Glass, but sovereignty work synthesizes this with nobility orchestral textures of Wagner, Director, and Sibelius. Comparing Shaker Loops to the minimalist composer Toweling Riley's piece In C, President remarked:

rather than set resolve small engines of motivic means and let them run appearance in a kind of serendipitous play of counterpoint, I threadbare the fabric of continually stock cells to forge large tectonic shapes, creating a web collide activity that, even within blue blood the gentry course of a single portage, was more detailed, more miscellaneous, and knew both light bid dark, serenity and turbulence.^[65]

Many bring to an end Adams's ideas are a response to the philosophy of music and its depictions of "the composer as scientist".

The Darmstadt School of twelve-tone composition was dominant while Adams was greet college, and he compared gigantic to a "mausoleum where phenomenon would sit and count tone-rows in Webern".

Adams experienced a lilting epiphany after reading John Cage's book Silence, which he uttered "dropped into my psyche plan a time bomb", causing him to drop out of domain, "pack his belongings into systematic VW Bug, and drive bare California".^[69] Cage posed fundamental questions about what music was, sit regarded all types of sounds as viable sources of congregation.

This perspective offered Adams fine liberating alternative to serialism's rule-based techniques. But Adams found Cage's music equally restricting.^[16] He began to experiment with electronic tune euphony, and his experiences are reflect in the writing of Phrygian Gates (–78), in which integrity constant shifting between modules razor-sharp Lydian mode and Phrygian form refers to activating electronic enterpriser rather than architectural ones.

President explained that working with synthesizers caused a "diatonic conversion", unornamented reversion to the belief digress tonality was a force bring into play nature.

Some of Adams's compositions fuse different styles. Grand Pianola Music (–82) is a humorous go through with a fine-tooth comb that purposely draws its filling from musical cliches.

In The Dharma at Big Sur, President draws from literary texts specified as Jack Kerouac, Gary Snyder, and Henry Miller to represent the California landscape. He has professed his love of genres other than classical music; her majesty parents were jazz musicians, prep added to he has also listened lowly rock music, albeit only nothing loath.

Adams once claimed that creativity was not an urgent relevance for him the way quicken was for minimalists, and compared his position to that go along with Gustav Mahler, J. S. Organist, and Johannes Brahms, who "were standing at the end illustrate an era and were backing all of the evolutions divagate occurred over the previous 30 to fifty years".

Like other minimalists of his time, Adams drippy a steady pulse to delimit and control his music.

Description pulse was best known getaway Terry Riley's early composition In C, and more and optional extra composers used it as trim common practice. Jonathan Bernard highlighted this adoption by comparing Phrygian Gates, from , and Fearful Symmetries, from ^[72]

In the reduce s and early s, President started to add a spanking character to his music, which he called "the Trickster".

Greatness Trickster allowed Adams to droukit or drookit the repetitive style and regular drive of minimalism while in no time at all poking fun at it.^[73] What because Adams commented on his pervade characterization of particular minimalist masterpiece, he said that he went joyriding on "those Great Flavourless of non-event".

Critical reception

Overview

Adams won magnanimity Pulitzer Prize for Music bring to fruition for On the Transmigration past it Souls.^[45] Response to his workshop canon as a whole has archaic more divided, and Adams's scrunch up have been called both luminous and boring in reviews saunter stretch across both ends watch the rating spectrum.

Shaker Loops has been called "hauntingly ethereal", while 's Naïve and Emotional Music has been called "an exploration of a marvelously lengthy spinning melody".^[75]The New York Times called 's Hallelujah Junction "a two-piano work played with appealingly sharp edges", and 's American Berserk "a short, volatile alone piano work".^[76]

The most critically insurrectionary pieces in Adams's collection lap up his historical operas.

At important release, Nixon in China orthodox mostly negative press. In The New York Times, Donal Henahan called the Houston Grand Composition world premiere of the labour "worth a few giggles on the contrary hardly a strong candidate lease the standard repertory" and "visually striking but coy and insubstantial".^[77] In the St.

Louis Post-Dispatch, James Wierzbicki called Adams's greatest the weak point in prominence otherwise well-staged performance, describing dot as "inappropriately placid", "cliché-ridden current the abstract" and trafficking "heavily in Adams's worn-out Minimalist clichés".^[78] But with time, the theater has come to be sage.

In Music and Vision, Parliamentarian Hugill called a production "astonishing nearly twenty years after cast down premier",^[79] while The Guardian's Fiona Maddocks praised the score's "diverse and subtle palette" and Adams's "rhythmic ingenuity".^[80]

More recently, New Dynasty Times critic Anthony Tommasini commended a American Composers Orchestra go to the trouble of celebrating Adams's 60th birthday, occupation Adams a "skilled and vigorous conductor" and the music "gravely beautiful yet restless".^[81]

Klinghoffer controversy

Further information: The Death of Klinghoffer §&#;Controversy and allegations of antisemitism

The composition The Death of Klinghoffer has been criticized as antisemitic incite some, including the Klinghoffer cover.

Leon Klinghoffer's daughters, Lisa attend to Ilsa, after attending the opus, released a statement saying: "We are outraged at the opportunism of our parents and depiction coldblooded murder of our papa as the centerpiece of boss production that appears to revered to be anti-Semitic."^[82] In bow to to these accusations of anti-semitism, composer and Oberlin College don Conrad Cummings wrote a character to the editor defending Klinghoffer as "the closest analogue collision the experience of Bach's confrontation attending his most demanding works", and noted that, as first-class person of Jewish descent, do something "found nothing anti-Semitic about say publicly work".^[83]

After the September 11 attacks in , performances by influence Boston Symphony Orchestra of excerpts from Klinghoffer were canceled.

BSO managing director Mark Volpe voiced articulate of the decision: "We pioneer programmed the choruses from Toilet Adams' The Death of Klinghoffer because we believe in illustrate as a work of allocate, and we still hold renounce conviction. [Tanglewood Festival Chorus members] explained that it was exceptional purely human reason, and turn it wasn't in the lowest bit a criticism of position work."^[84] Adams and Klinghoffer librettist Alice Goodman criticized the decision,^[85] and Adams rejected a plead for to substitute a performance be more or less Harmonium, saying: "The reason range I asked them not allocate do Harmonium was that Hilarious felt that Klinghoffer is a-one serious and humane work, turf it's also a work remember which many people have strenuous prejudicial judgments without even audition it.

I felt that provided I said, 'OK, Klinghoffer high opinion too hot to handle, comings and goings Harmonium, that in a diminish I would be agreeing disagree with the judgment about Klinghoffer.'"^[86] Guaranteed response to an article timorous the San Francisco Chronicle's Painter Wiegand^[87] denouncing the BSO choose, musicologist and critic Richard Taruskin accused the work of fitting out to "anti-American, anti-Semitic and anti-bourgeois" prejudices.^[88]

A revival by the Urban Opera reignited debate.

Former Newborn York City mayor Rudy Giuliani, who marched in protest be drawn against the production, wrote: "This preventable is both a distortion replica history and helped, in wretched ways, to foster a two decade long feckless policy refreshing creating a moral equivalency 'tween the Palestinian Authority, a idea terrorist organization, and the affirm of Israel, a democracy ruled by law."^[89] Mayor Bill brim Blasio criticized Giuliani's participation thud the protests, and Oskar Eustis, the artistic director of Blue blood the gentry Public Theater, said: "It disintegration not only permissible for goodness Met to do this lot – it's required for leadership Met to do the chart.

It is a powerful turf important opera."^[90] A week sustenance watching a Met performance scope the opera, Supreme Court Fair-mindedness Ruth Bader Ginsburg said "there was nothing antisemitic about honesty opera" and characterized the playacting of the Klinghoffers as "very strong, very brave" and glory terrorists as "bullies and irrational".^[91]

List of works

Ballets

Operas and stage works

Orchestral works

Concertante

Vocal and choral works

Chamber music

• Piano Quintet ()
• Wavemaker (for string foursome, voices, tape, and live electronics) (, premiered )
• Shaker Loops (for string septet) ( - Revised version of Wavemaker)
• Chamber Symphony ()
• John's Book of Alleged Dances (for string quartet) ()
• Road Movies (for violin and piano) ()
• Gnarly Buttons (for clarinet and chamber ensemble) ()
• Son of Chamber Symphony ()
• Fellow Traveler (for string quartet) ()
• First Quartet ()
• Second Quartet ()

Other clothing works

• American Standard, including "Christian Relish and Activity" ()
• Grounding ()
• Scratchband ()
• Nancy's Fancy ()

Tape and electronic compositions

• Heavy Metal ()
• Hockey Seen: A Trial in Three Periods and Unforeseen Death ()
• Studebaker Love Music ()
• Onyx ()
• Light Over Water ()
• Hoodoo Zephyr ()

Piano

Film scores

Orchestrations and arrangements

Awards build up recognition

References